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Pathophys > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What helps in accessing secondary respiratory muscles?

A

Closed-chain stance?

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2
Q

Upper airway consists of? PLNTS

A

Pharynx, Larynx, nasal canals, tonsils, sinuses

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3
Q

Lower airway consists of?

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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4
Q

Terminal airway, alveoli

A

Air sacs and primary lobules

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5
Q

What is ventilation as opposed to respiration?

A

Ventilation is the ability to move air in and out of the lungs via a pressure gradient (mechanical)

Respiration refers to the quality of air exchange happening (intake of O2, transport of CO2 out)

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6
Q

What nerves innervate the diaphragm?

A

3, 4, 5 stay alive

C3,4,5

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7
Q

Ventilation patho

A

Airways, lungs, chest wall, and diaphragm

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8
Q

Respiration patho

A

Lungs and CV system as well as peripheral tissues

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9
Q

Accessory muscles for inspiration

A

Scalenes, serratus anterior, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor

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10
Q

Accessory muscles for expiration

A

Abdominals, intercostals

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11
Q

Hypoxemia causes? VDHAP

A

Ventilation/perfusion mismatch - asthma
Decreased o2 content - high altitude
Hypoventilation - drug overdose
Alveolocapillary diffusion abnormality - edema
Luminary shunting - atelectasis

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12
Q

Hypoxemia S&S 80-100

A

Normal

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13
Q

Hypoxemia S&S 60-80

A

Moderate tachycardia, initial respiratory distress, DOE

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14
Q

Hypoxemia S&S 50-60

A

Malaise, dizziness, nausea, impaired judgement, restlessness

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15
Q

Hypoxemia S&S 35-50

A

Marked confusion, cardiac dysrhythmias, labored respiration

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16
Q

Hypoxemia S&S 25-35

A

LOC, marked lethargy, cardiac arrest, lactic acidosis

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17
Q

Pulmonary disease S&S DA CCC

A

Dyspnea
Altered breathing
Cyanosis
Clubbing
Cough

18
Q

Relationship between cough and infection

A

Productive cough and purulent sputum - infection

19
Q

Cough and nonspecific irritation

A

Cough and nonpurulent sputum

20
Q

Hemoptysis (coughing up blood) indicates?

A

Condition indicating infection, inflammation, tumor

21
Q

SOB usually indicates? What else can cause?

A

Hypoxemia - Emotions (anxiety, fear)

22
Q

Orthopnea

A

Fluid shifts into lungs, lying in certain postural positions (supine, prone) causes abdominal contents to put excess pressure on diaphragm

23
Q

Pleural irritation is what? What helps?

A

Sharp localized pain initiated by respiratory motions, autosplinting

24
Q

Central cyanosis vs peripheral

A

Central - bluish discoloration in mucous membranes, lips - indicated by low O2 sat, most often caused by shunting and pulmonary disease

Peripheral typically less serous - decreased perfusion to extremities - can be caused by cold temperature, anxiety but also HEART failure and SHOCK

25
Q

Central cyanosis linked to?

A

Low hemoglobin, low O2 sat

26
Q

Peripheral cyanosis linked to?

A

Vasoconstriction and decreased blood supply

27
Q

Pneumonia - what is it? What typically precedes it? Who’s most vulnerable?

A

Inflammation of air sacs of the lungs - they can fill with fluid or pus

Upper respiratory infection
Older adults, bedridden people, infants

28
Q

Types of pneumonia

A

Viral - affects bronchial walls
Fungal
Bacterial - affects alveoli/alveolar surfaces

29
Q

Pneumonia vs TB S&S

A

P - sharp chest pain, productive cough, cyanosis, fever, tachypnea
TB - dull chest pain, productive cough, weight loss, night sweats, fever,

30
Q

Obstructive vs Restrictive

A

O - both mechanical and O2 exchange issues —> DECREASE in flow rate and INCREASE in respiratory volume
R - mechanical - pulmonary/lung compliance, reduced ability of the thorax to expand —> DECREASE in lung volume and capacity

31
Q

Obstructive diseases

A

bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, cystic fibrosis

32
Q

TB pathogenesis

A

Primary - infection, hypersensitivity of T cells
Secondary - Re activation

33
Q

Bronchitis pathogenesis, nick name?

A

Excess mucous caused by smoking affects O2 exchange (there is hyperplasia of mucous glands)
“Blue bloaters” - pulmonary edema, fluid leaks into belly

34
Q

Emphysema pathogenesis, nick name

A

Alveoli affected - grape -> raisin

Caused by smoking or genetic issue
Can also be caused by lungs that lose their elasticity and become stretched out —> alveoli become stretched as well

“Pink puffers” - barrel chested, increased residual volume as result of decreased lower lung function

Pursed lip breathing is good exercise

35
Q

Extrinsic vs intrinsic asthma

A

E - breathe in particle —> bronchoconstriction - think they can’t get air IN, but they actually need to get air OUT

I - cool air, bronchoconstriction - can be exercise induced

36
Q

Cystic fibrosis pathogenesis

A

Most common inherited genetic disease in Caucasians
Caused by disruption of Cl channel —> issues in lungs, liver, GI, reproductive systems due to thick mucous

37
Q

Pneumoconiosis pathogenesis and etiology, obstructive or restrictive? Co-complications?

A

Inhalation of harmful substance (asbestos, coal mining) leads to scarring/restriction of the lung

Mesothelioma - CA of pleural sacs, metastasizes to rest of body

38
Q

Atelectasis what happens? Causes?

A

Collapse of alveoli - can be from pre-mature birth, disuse,

Moving around helps, deep breathing, autosplinting, spirometer.

39
Q

Pleural effusion types (4)

A

Hydrothorax - h2o in pleural space
Pyothorax - purulent exudate, infection
Empyema - infection w fibrosis
Hemothorax - blood in pleural cavity

40
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in pleural space, in extreme cases can push esophagus and trachea to the side

41
Q

Acute respiratory failure

A

Typical end result of pulmonary dzs
PaO2 less than 50 mmHg or greater than 50mmHg w/ pH decreasing (7.3)

-hypoxia, tachycardia, confusion, labored breathing

Pathophys (8 decks)

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