Respiratory System

Question 1

What helps in accessing secondary respiratory muscles?

Answer 1

Closed-chain stance?

Question 2

Upper airway consists of? PLNTS

Answer 2

Pharynx, Larynx, nasal canals, tonsils, sinuses

Question 3

Lower airway consists of?

Answer 3

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 4

Terminal airway, alveoli

Answer 4

Air sacs and primary lobules

Question 5

What is ventilation as opposed to respiration?

Answer 5

Ventilation is the ability to move air in and out of the lungs via a pressure gradient (mechanical)

Respiration refers to the quality of air exchange happening (intake of O2, transport of CO2 out)

Question 6

What nerves innervate the diaphragm?

Answer 6

3, 4, 5 stay alive

C3,4,5

Question 7

Ventilation patho

Answer 7

Airways, lungs, chest wall, and diaphragm

Question 8

Respiration patho

Answer 8

Lungs and CV system as well as peripheral tissues

Question 9

Accessory muscles for inspiration

Answer 9

Scalenes, serratus anterior, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor

Question 10

Accessory muscles for expiration

Answer 10

Abdominals, intercostals

Question 11

Hypoxemia causes? VDHAP

Answer 11

Ventilation/perfusion mismatch - asthma
Decreased o2 content - high altitude
Hypoventilation - drug overdose
Alveolocapillary diffusion abnormality - edema
Luminary shunting - atelectasis

Question 12

Hypoxemia S&S 80-100

Answer 12

Normal

Question 13

Hypoxemia S&S 60-80

Answer 13

Moderate tachycardia, initial respiratory distress, DOE

Question 14

Hypoxemia S&S 50-60

Answer 14

Malaise, dizziness, nausea, impaired judgement, restlessness

Question 15

Hypoxemia S&S 35-50

Answer 15

Marked confusion, cardiac dysrhythmias, labored respiration

Question 16

Hypoxemia S&S 25-35

Answer 16

LOC, marked lethargy, cardiac arrest, lactic acidosis

Question 17

Pulmonary disease S&S DA CCC

Answer 17

Dyspnea
Altered breathing
Cyanosis
Clubbing
Cough

Question 18

Relationship between cough and infection

Answer 18

Productive cough and purulent sputum - infection

Question 19

Cough and nonspecific irritation

Answer 19

Cough and nonpurulent sputum

Question 20

Hemoptysis (coughing up blood) indicates?

Answer 20

Condition indicating infection, inflammation, tumor

Question 21

SOB usually indicates? What else can cause?

Answer 21

Hypoxemia - Emotions (anxiety, fear)

Question 22

Orthopnea

Answer 22

Fluid shifts into lungs, lying in certain postural positions (supine, prone) causes abdominal contents to put excess pressure on diaphragm

Question 23

Pleural irritation is what? What helps?

Answer 23

Sharp localized pain initiated by respiratory motions, autosplinting

Question 24

Central cyanosis vs peripheral

Answer 24

Central - bluish discoloration in mucous membranes, lips - indicated by low O2 sat, most often caused by shunting and pulmonary disease

Peripheral typically less serous - decreased perfusion to extremities - can be caused by cold temperature, anxiety but also HEART failure and SHOCK

Question 25

Central cyanosis linked to?

Answer 25

Low hemoglobin, low O2 sat

Question 26

Peripheral cyanosis linked to?

Answer 26

Vasoconstriction and decreased blood supply

Question 27

Pneumonia - what is it? What typically precedes it? Who’s most vulnerable?

Answer 27

Inflammation of air sacs of the lungs - they can fill with fluid or pus Upper respiratory infection Older adults, bedridden people, infants

Question 28

Types of pneumonia

Answer 28

Viral - affects bronchial walls Fungal Bacterial - affects alveoli/alveolar surfaces

Question 29

Pneumonia vs TB S&S

Answer 29

P - sharp chest pain, productive cough, cyanosis, fever, tachypnea TB - dull chest pain, productive cough, weight loss, night sweats, fever,

Question 30

Obstructive vs Restrictive

Answer 30

O - both mechanical and O2 exchange issues —> DECREASE in flow rate and INCREASE in respiratory volume R - mechanical - pulmonary/lung compliance, reduced ability of the thorax to expand —> DECREASE in lung volume and capacity

Question 31

Obstructive diseases

Answer 31

bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, cystic fibrosis

Question 32

TB pathogenesis

Answer 32

Primary - infection, hypersensitivity of T cells Secondary - Re activation

Question 33

Bronchitis pathogenesis, nick name?

Answer 33

Excess mucous caused by smoking affects O2 exchange (there is hyperplasia of mucous glands) “Blue bloaters” - pulmonary edema, fluid leaks into belly

Question 34

Emphysema pathogenesis, nick name

Answer 34

Alveoli affected - grape -> raisin Caused by smoking or genetic issue Can also be caused by lungs that lose their elasticity and become stretched out —> alveoli become stretched as well “Pink puffers” - barrel chested, increased residual volume as result of decreased lower lung function Pursed lip breathing is good exercise

Question 35

Extrinsic vs intrinsic asthma

Answer 35

E - breathe in particle —> bronchoconstriction - think they can’t get air IN, but they actually need to get air OUT I - cool air, bronchoconstriction - can be exercise induced

Question 36

Cystic fibrosis pathogenesis

Answer 36

Most common inherited genetic disease in Caucasians Caused by disruption of Cl channel —> issues in lungs, liver, GI, reproductive systems due to thick mucous

Question 37

Pneumoconiosis pathogenesis and etiology, obstructive or restrictive? Co-complications?

Answer 37

Inhalation of harmful substance (asbestos, coal mining) leads to scarring/restriction of the lung Mesothelioma - CA of pleural sacs, metastasizes to rest of body

Question 38

Atelectasis what happens? Causes?

Answer 38

Collapse of alveoli - can be from pre-mature birth, disuse, Moving around helps, deep breathing, autosplinting, spirometer.

Question 39

Pleural effusion types (4)

Answer 39

Hydrothorax - h2o in pleural space Pyothorax - purulent exudate, infection Empyema - infection w fibrosis Hemothorax - blood in pleural cavity

Question 40

Pneumothorax

Answer 40

Air in pleural space, in extreme cases can push esophagus and trachea to the side

Question 41

Acute respiratory failure

Answer 41

Typical end result of pulmonary dzs PaO2 less than 50 mmHg or greater than 50mmHg w/ pH decreasing (7.3) -hypoxia, tachycardia, confusion, labored breathing