Last Quiz - Musculoskeletal And Neuro Flashcards
Grade 1 sprain
Minimal stress to ligaments
Grade 2 sprain
Partial tearing of ligaments
Grade 3 sprain
Complete tear, complete failure of ligament
Role of satellite cells
Necessary to regenerate muscle tissue, if satellite cells and basal lamina are damaged - only repair
Constriction bands in skeletal muscle
Protective mechanism - limits tearing, shearing forces from progressing down the length of the muscle/damaging the whole muscle
Different types of muscle?
Type 1: slow twitch, oxidative, fatigue resistant (e.g., soleus)
Type 2a: fast twitch, moderate fatigue resistant (e.g., gastrocnemius)
Type 2b: fast twitch, non fatigue resistant (e.g., biceps brachii)
What is the importance of blood supply to an area?
Hematoma formation, general inflammatory response and healing
Defense against infection - leukocytes/WBCs & phagocytosis
Selective Tissue Tension Testing
Strong and painless - contractile structures intact
Strong and painful - minor damage/lesion to some part of muscle or tendon
Weak and painless - complete tear/rupture of muscle or tendon and/or neurological weakness
Weak and painful - significant damage, partial tear of contractile tissue
Positional tendon
Transmits muscular forces to position a bone resulting in movement around a joint (e.g., biceps brachii)
Energy storing tendon
Store and release elastic strain energy essential for locomotion (e.g., Achilles)
Blood and nerve supply to tendons
Not good - 3 sources:
Periosteal - vessels at the osseotendinous junction
Perimysial - vessels at the myotendinous junction
Blood vessels within the paratendon surrounding the tendon
Nerve supply - aneural
Intrinsic factors of overloading a tendon
High body weight
Structural abnormalities
Decreased muscle strength or imbalance
Gender
Age accelerates stiffness
Extrinsic factors of overloading a tendon
Excessive loads
Training errors (volume, intensity, frequency)
Poor environmental conditions
Poor equipment
Medications
Tendonitis
Inflammation of the tendon
Pain
Swelling
Dysfunction
Acute or chronic
Tendinosis
Angiofibroblastic hyperplasia
Disorganization and immature collagen
Hypercellularity and increase in ground substance
Vascular hyperplasia and neovascularization
Increase # of neurochemicals
What are the nerve endings (4: names, size, myelinated, threshold, etc) that supply ligaments? Why does it matter?
Matters b/c ligaments play a role in proprioception/ proprioceptive mechanism for a joint
Ruffini endings (type 1) - small, unmyelinated. Low threshold, slow adapting. Static and dynamic situations
Pacinian corpuscles (type 2) - medium myelinated. Low threshold, rapid adapting. Dynamic situations
Golgi (Type 3) - large myelinated. High threshold, slow adapting. Dynamic situations
Free nerve endings (Type 4) - very small, myelinated. High threshold. Pain receptors.
Extrarticular vs intrarticular ligaments
ACL (intra) MCL (extra)
Extrarticular surrounded by epiligament, highly vascularized, provides more info for proprioception - ligament itself is NOT vascular
What in articular cartilage provides hydration and swelling pressure allowing it to withstand compressional forces
Proteoglycans (sort of like sponges?)
4 functions of neurons
Reception and integration of information
Analysis of information
Transmission of information
Initiation of a response or output
Neuropraxia
Transient - ischemic block of neuronal conductivity, arm falling asleep from laying on it
Delayed reversible - demyelination followed by process of remyelination (Bells Palsy, Guillian-Barre)
Axonotmesis
Complete disruption of axon and all function subserved by the neuron - may be reversible if wallerian degeneration and regeneration occur
Neurotmesis
Complete interruption of entire nerve fiber including cell membrane and myelin sheath - surgery necessary to repair/regain function
