Last Quiz - Musculoskeletal And Neuro

Question 1

Grade 1 sprain

Answer 1

Minimal stress to ligaments

Question 2

Grade 2 sprain

Answer 2

Partial tearing of ligaments

Question 3

Grade 3 sprain

Answer 3

Complete tear, complete failure of ligament

Question 4

Role of satellite cells

Answer 4

Necessary to regenerate muscle tissue, if satellite cells and basal lamina are damaged - only repair

Question 5

Constriction bands in skeletal muscle

Answer 5

Protective mechanism - limits tearing, shearing forces from progressing down the length of the muscle/damaging the whole muscle

Question 6

Different types of muscle?

Answer 6

Type 1: slow twitch, oxidative, fatigue resistant (e.g., soleus)

Type 2a: fast twitch, moderate fatigue resistant (e.g., gastrocnemius)

Type 2b: fast twitch, non fatigue resistant (e.g., biceps brachii)

Question 7

What is the importance of blood supply to an area?

Answer 7

Hematoma formation, general inflammatory response and healing

Defense against infection - leukocytes/WBCs & phagocytosis

Question 8

Selective Tissue Tension Testing

Answer 8

Strong and painless - contractile structures intact
Strong and painful - minor damage/lesion to some part of muscle or tendon
Weak and painless - complete tear/rupture of muscle or tendon and/or neurological weakness
Weak and painful - significant damage, partial tear of contractile tissue

Question 9

Positional tendon

Answer 9

Transmits muscular forces to position a bone resulting in movement around a joint (e.g., biceps brachii)

Question 10

Energy storing tendon

Answer 10

Store and release elastic strain energy essential for locomotion (e.g., Achilles)

Question 11

Blood and nerve supply to tendons

Answer 11

Not good - 3 sources:

Periosteal - vessels at the osseotendinous junction
Perimysial - vessels at the myotendinous junction
Blood vessels within the paratendon surrounding the tendon

Nerve supply - aneural

Question 12

Intrinsic factors of overloading a tendon

Answer 12

High body weight
Structural abnormalities
Decreased muscle strength or imbalance
Gender
Age accelerates stiffness

Question 13

Extrinsic factors of overloading a tendon

Answer 13

Excessive loads
Training errors (volume, intensity, frequency)
Poor environmental conditions
Poor equipment
Medications

Question 14

Tendonitis

Answer 14

Inflammation of the tendon

Pain
Swelling
Dysfunction
Acute or chronic

Question 15

Tendinosis

Answer 15

Angiofibroblastic hyperplasia

Disorganization and immature collagen
Hypercellularity and increase in ground substance
Vascular hyperplasia and neovascularization
Increase # of neurochemicals

Question 16

What are the nerve endings (4: names, size, myelinated, threshold, etc) that supply ligaments? Why does it matter?

Answer 16

Matters b/c ligaments play a role in proprioception/ proprioceptive mechanism for a joint

Ruffini endings (type 1) - small, unmyelinated. Low threshold, slow adapting. Static and dynamic situations

Pacinian corpuscles (type 2) - medium myelinated. Low threshold, rapid adapting. Dynamic situations

Golgi (Type 3) - large myelinated. High threshold, slow adapting. Dynamic situations

Free nerve endings (Type 4) - very small, myelinated. High threshold. Pain receptors.

Question 17

Extrarticular vs intrarticular ligaments

Answer 17

ACL (intra) MCL (extra)

Extrarticular surrounded by epiligament, highly vascularized, provides more info for proprioception - ligament itself is NOT vascular

Question 18

What in articular cartilage provides hydration and swelling pressure allowing it to withstand compressional forces

Answer 18

Proteoglycans (sort of like sponges?)

Question 19

4 functions of neurons

Answer 19

Reception and integration of information
Analysis of information
Transmission of information
Initiation of a response or output

Question 20

Neuropraxia

Answer 20

Transient - ischemic block of neuronal conductivity, arm falling asleep from laying on it
Delayed reversible - demyelination followed by process of remyelination (Bells Palsy, Guillian-Barre)

Question 21

Axonotmesis

Answer 21

Complete disruption of axon and all function subserved by the neuron - may be reversible if wallerian degeneration and regeneration occur

Question 22

Neurotmesis

Answer 22

Complete interruption of entire nerve fiber including cell membrane and myelin sheath - surgery necessary to repair/regain function