Exam 3 Flashcards
Upper airway consists of? U-PLNTS
Nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx, tonsils, larynx
Lower airway consists of? TBB
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
Terminal alveoli consist of?
Air sacs and primary lobules
Ventilation and patho
Ability to move air in and out of the lungs via a pressure gradient
Airways, lungs, chest wall, diaphragm
Respiration and patho
Gas exchange of O2 and CO2 to blood and body tissues
Lungs, CV system, and peripheral tissues
Nerves that innervate the diaphragm
C3,4,5 stay alive!
Forced inspiration uses what muscles?
sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, serratus anterior, pec minor
Forced expiration uses what muscles?
Intercostals, abdominals
Primary difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia
Hypoxia is low o2 in body tissues
Hypoxemia is low o2 in the blood and can lead to hypoxia
Causes for hypoxia (VDHAP)
Ventilation/perfusion mismatch (asthma)
Decreased O2 content (high altitude)
Hypoventillation (drug overdose)
Alveolocapiliary perfusion abnormality (edema)
Pulmonary shunting (atelectasis - collapse of alveoli)
Cyanosis and O2 sat
Central O2 sat is decreased - typically caused by pulmonary shunting or respiratory disease - bluish discoloration in mucous membranes, mouth - depends on O2 sat and # circulating hemoglobin
Peripheral cyanosis O2 sat not necessarily decreased - can be caused by fear/anxiety, cold temps, heart failure or shock - due to decreased perfusion to extremities - vasoconstriction w/ decreased blood supply and perfusion
S&S of respiratory disease
Cough - productive cough w purulent sputum = infection, nonpurulent = airway irritation
Dyspnea - SOB usually indicative of hypoxemia but could be anxiety etc.
Chest pain - localized pain, pleural irritation
Cyanosis - central or peripheral
Clubbing of fingers - different from PC
Altered breathing patterns
Breathing patterns - apneustic
Gasping inspiration followed by short expiration
Breathing patterns - biots respiration
Fast deep breaths interspersed with abrupt pauses
Breathing patterns - Cheyne-Stokes
Pattern of deep breathing followed by shallow breathing or pauses in breathing
Breathing pattern - Crackles/rales
Low pitched popping, secretions in peripheral airways —> atelectasis - collapse of alveoli
Breathing pattern - Kussmaul’s respiration
Distressing Dyspnea w increased respiration rate, depth of respiration (air hungry)
Breathing patterns - lateral-costal breathing
Anterior chest flattening, excessive flaring of lower ribs.
Breathing patterns - paradoxical
All or part of chest wall falls during inspiration, abdominal may expand during expiration
Breathing pattern - stridor
Shrill, harsh should during inspiration - laryngeal obstruction (choking sound)
Breathing pattern - wheezing
High pitched whistling sound w expiration —> constriction of airways
Pathogenesis for cystic fibrosis and treatment
Most common inherited disease in caucasians
Blocking of Cl channel keeps Cl, Na, H2O inside —> thick mucous affects hepatic (liver), digestive, reproductive, and respiratory systems
Mucous affects lungs - cough, wheezing, repeated lung infection (pneumonia),
Digestive - bulky, foul stools - difficulty passing them
Salty skin/sweat
Active cycle of breathing technique (ACBT)
Airway clearance techniques (ACT)
Postural drainage
Positive expiratory pressure therapy (PEP)
Physical exercise may improve lung function reduce effect of thick mucous
CF vest - high-frequency cheat wall oscillation
Atelectasis pathogenesis and PT treatment
Collapse of alveoli commonly related to immobility/shallow breathing (inpatient settings where patients are less mobile)
Spirometry, autosplinting, deep breathing, exercise
Neonatal resp disease
Respiratory system is the last to develop, lack surfactin production
Rapid, shallow breathing
