Exam 3

Question 1

Upper airway consists of? U-PLNTS

Answer 1

Nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx, tonsils, larynx

Question 2

Lower airway consists of? TBB

Answer 2

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 3

Terminal alveoli consist of?

Answer 3

Air sacs and primary lobules

Question 4

Ventilation and patho

Answer 4

Ability to move air in and out of the lungs via a pressure gradient

Airways, lungs, chest wall, diaphragm

Question 5

Respiration and patho

Answer 5

Gas exchange of O2 and CO2 to blood and body tissues

Lungs, CV system, and peripheral tissues

Question 6

Nerves that innervate the diaphragm

Answer 6

C3,4,5 stay alive!

Question 7

Forced inspiration uses what muscles?

Answer 7

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, serratus anterior, pec minor

Question 8

Forced expiration uses what muscles?

Answer 8

Intercostals, abdominals

Question 9

Primary difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia

Answer 9

Hypoxia is low o2 in body tissues

Hypoxemia is low o2 in the blood and can lead to hypoxia

Question 10

Causes for hypoxia (VDHAP)

Answer 10

Ventilation/perfusion mismatch (asthma)
Decreased O2 content (high altitude)
Hypoventillation (drug overdose)
Alveolocapiliary perfusion abnormality (edema)
Pulmonary shunting (atelectasis - collapse of alveoli)

Question 11

Cyanosis and O2 sat

Answer 11

Central O2 sat is decreased - typically caused by pulmonary shunting or respiratory disease - bluish discoloration in mucous membranes, mouth - depends on O2 sat and # circulating hemoglobin

Peripheral cyanosis O2 sat not necessarily decreased - can be caused by fear/anxiety, cold temps, heart failure or shock - due to decreased perfusion to extremities - vasoconstriction w/ decreased blood supply and perfusion

Question 12

S&S of respiratory disease

Answer 12

Cough - productive cough w purulent sputum = infection, nonpurulent = airway irritation
Dyspnea - SOB usually indicative of hypoxemia but could be anxiety etc.
Chest pain - localized pain, pleural irritation
Cyanosis - central or peripheral
Clubbing of fingers - different from PC
Altered breathing patterns

Question 13

Breathing patterns - apneustic

Answer 13

Gasping inspiration followed by short expiration

Question 14

Breathing patterns - biots respiration

Answer 14

Fast deep breaths interspersed with abrupt pauses

Question 15

Breathing patterns - Cheyne-Stokes

Answer 15

Pattern of deep breathing followed by shallow breathing or pauses in breathing

Question 16

Breathing pattern - Crackles/rales

Answer 16

Low pitched popping, secretions in peripheral airways —> atelectasis - collapse of alveoli

Question 17

Breathing pattern - Kussmaul’s respiration

Answer 17

Distressing Dyspnea w increased respiration rate, depth of respiration (air hungry)

Question 18

Breathing patterns - lateral-costal breathing

Answer 18

Anterior chest flattening, excessive flaring of lower ribs.

Question 19

Breathing patterns - paradoxical

Answer 19

All or part of chest wall falls during inspiration, abdominal may expand during expiration

Question 20

Breathing pattern - stridor

Answer 20

Shrill, harsh should during inspiration - laryngeal obstruction (choking sound)

Question 21

Breathing pattern - wheezing

Answer 21

High pitched whistling sound w expiration —> constriction of airways

Question 22

Pathogenesis for cystic fibrosis and treatment

Answer 22

Most common inherited disease in caucasians
Blocking of Cl channel keeps Cl, Na, H2O inside —> thick mucous affects hepatic (liver), digestive, reproductive, and respiratory systems

Mucous affects lungs - cough, wheezing, repeated lung infection (pneumonia),
Digestive - bulky, foul stools - difficulty passing them
Salty skin/sweat

Active cycle of breathing technique (ACBT)
Airway clearance techniques (ACT)
Postural drainage
Positive expiratory pressure therapy (PEP)
Physical exercise may improve lung function reduce effect of thick mucous
CF vest - high-frequency cheat wall oscillation

Question 23

Atelectasis pathogenesis and PT treatment

Answer 23

Collapse of alveoli commonly related to immobility/shallow breathing (inpatient settings where patients are less mobile)

Spirometry, autosplinting, deep breathing, exercise

Question 24

Neonatal resp disease

Answer 24

Respiratory system is the last to develop, lack surfactin production

Rapid, shallow breathing

Question 25

Pneumoconiosis - obstructive or restrictive? Examples?

Answer 25

Restrictive

Silicosis - mesothelioma- cancer
Black lung dz - scarring 50% lung vital capacity
Asbestosis - mesothelioma

Question 26

Most common COPD. Conditions

Answer 26

Bronchitis - excess mucous, hyperplasia of glands, central cyanosis, pulmonary edema
Emphysema - destruction of elastic fibers causes alveoli to expand and not function properly, ORTHOPNEA, barrel chest
Asthma - bronchoconstriction

Question 27

Pleural effusion types

Answer 27

Hydrothorax - water in pleural space
Hemothorax - blood in pleural space (ex TB)
Empyema - infection w fibrosis
Pyothorax - pus in pleural space due to infection

Question 28

Hyperglycemia - 3P’s

Answer 28

Polydipsia - excessive thirst
Polyphagia - excessive hunger
Polyuria - frequent urination

Question 29

Low Ca levels stimulate

Answer 29

Release of Ca from bone
Ca reuptake in gut
Ca resorption from kidney

Question 30

Ca affected by what 2 hormones?

Answer 30

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - increases Ca levels
Calcitonin - Decreases Ca levels