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Pathophys > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands secrete?

A

Hormones directly into the blood

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2
Q

Problems with endocrine system (3)

A

Organ
Hormone
Gland that hormone is affecting

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3
Q

Endocrine vs exocrine

A

Endocrine releases hormones directly into the blood, exocrine glands release hormones into a duct

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4
Q

General pathway for hormones

A

Released from gland
binds to receptor in cell, tissue, organ
Filtered by liver
Excreted by kidneys (if there’s too much)

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5
Q

Many homeostatic mechanisms working in the endocrine system operate on what kind of loop?

A

Negative feedback loop ex. Thermostat

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6
Q

Cellular environment

A

Interstitial component of extracellular fluid

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7
Q

Extracellular fluid divided into

A

Blood plasma
Interstitial fluid

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8
Q

“Main players” in negative feedback loop for endocrine
Main players are PHAT

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Adrenal glands
Thyroid

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9
Q

Antidiruetic hormone - related to what structure?

A

Posterior pituitary
-controls concentration of body fluids by altering permeability of distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

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10
Q

Oxytocin related to what structure?

A

Posterior pituitary
- contraction of uterus and milk letdown for lactating women

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11
Q

Anterior pituitary helps to manage release of what 5 hormones?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - stimulates secretion at adrenal cortex
Lutenizing hormone - ovulation, progesterone, testosterone
Follicle stimulating hormone - ovarian follicle, secretion of estrogen, sperm maturation
Growth hormone - increases protein synthesis and decreases CH use
Prolactin - milk secretion

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12
Q

Evaluating issue - what to look at? (3)

A

Origin - amount of hormone - target tissue

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13
Q

Endocrine disorder: Excess hormone

A

From gland itself
From outside source

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14
Q

Endocrine disorder: too little

A

Decreased quantity
Resistance of target cells to hormone
-genetic defect
-autoimmune response
-excessive demand on target cells

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15
Q

Most common cause of endocrine disorder

A

Adenoma - tumor causes change in hormone level

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16
Q

Parathyroid disease

A

Related to calcium metabolism?

17
Q

Hormone factors of calcium metabolism

A

Parathyroid hormone increases circulating Ca

Calcitonin decreases circulating Ca

18
Q

Non-hormone factors of calcium metabolism

A

Phosphate - taken from bone
Vitamin D - needed to use Ca effectively

19
Q

Hypocalcemia has what effect on the heart?

A

Weak contractility - heart does not store Ca unlike skeletal muscle

20
Q

Hypoparathyroidism etiology (3) result?

A

Congenital lack of parathyroid glands
Post surgery or radiation
Autoimmune disease

hypocalcemia

21
Q

Low circulating calcium results in (3)

A

Increased Release of Ca from bone
Increased Reabsorption in kidneys
Increased uptake in gut

22
Q

Hyperparathyroidism etiology (3) outcome?

A

Adenoma (tumor)
Hyperplasia
Renal failure

Hypercalcemia

**calcium is there, but not being used. —>increased release of Ca from bone and bones more easily fractured

23
Q

Growth hormone as a whole is known as?

A

Somatotropin

24
Q

Release of somatotropin/GH from pituitary governed by what?

A

Release of somatotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus

25
Q

Gigantism vs Acromegaly

A

Gigantism is release of excess GH before puberty

Acromegaly release of excess GH in adulthood, usually due to adenoma (tumor)

26
Q

What two hormones does the thyroid make? Governed by?

A

T3 (triiodothyronine)
T4 (thyroxine)

Hypothalamus - thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) —>
Pituitary - Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) —>
Thyroid

27
Q

Hyper vs hypothyroidism S&S

A

Hyper - high energy, anxious, bulging eyes, red, flushed skin, diarrhea, heat intolerance, weight loss
Hypo - low energy, foggy, constipation, cold intolerance, weight gain

28
Q

Altered lipid metabolism from DM leads to what?

A

Altered lipid metabolism -> increased lipid mobilization -> increased ketogenesis in liver -> ketoacidosis -> metabolic acidosis -> respiratory alkalosis

29
Q

Neuropathy related to what in DM?

A

Hyperglycemia -> increased sorbitol -> damage to sensory nerve fibers

Pathophys (8 decks)

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