Endocrine

Question 1

Endocrine glands secrete?

Answer 1

Hormones directly into the blood

Question 2

Problems with endocrine system (3)

Answer 2

Organ
Hormone
Gland that hormone is affecting

Question 3

Endocrine vs exocrine

Answer 3

Endocrine releases hormones directly into the blood, exocrine glands release hormones into a duct

Question 4

General pathway for hormones

Answer 4

Released from gland
binds to receptor in cell, tissue, organ
Filtered by liver
Excreted by kidneys (if there’s too much)

Question 5

Many homeostatic mechanisms working in the endocrine system operate on what kind of loop?

Answer 5

Negative feedback loop ex. Thermostat

Question 6

Cellular environment

Answer 6

Interstitial component of extracellular fluid

Question 7

Extracellular fluid divided into

Answer 7

Blood plasma
Interstitial fluid

Question 8

“Main players” in negative feedback loop for endocrine
Main players are PHAT

Answer 8

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Adrenal glands
Thyroid

Question 9

Antidiruetic hormone - related to what structure?

Answer 9

Posterior pituitary
-controls concentration of body fluids by altering permeability of distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

Question 10

Oxytocin related to what structure?

Answer 10

Posterior pituitary
- contraction of uterus and milk letdown for lactating women

Question 11

Anterior pituitary helps to manage release of what 5 hormones?

Answer 11

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - stimulates secretion at adrenal cortex
Lutenizing hormone - ovulation, progesterone, testosterone
Follicle stimulating hormone - ovarian follicle, secretion of estrogen, sperm maturation
Growth hormone - increases protein synthesis and decreases CH use
Prolactin - milk secretion

Question 12

Evaluating issue - what to look at? (3)

Answer 12

Origin - amount of hormone - target tissue

Question 13

Endocrine disorder: Excess hormone

Answer 13

From gland itself
From outside source

Question 14

Endocrine disorder: too little

Answer 14

Decreased quantity
Resistance of target cells to hormone
-genetic defect
-autoimmune response
-excessive demand on target cells

Question 15

Most common cause of endocrine disorder

Answer 15

Adenoma - tumor causes change in hormone level

Question 16

Parathyroid disease

Answer 16

Related to calcium metabolism?

Question 17

Hormone factors of calcium metabolism

Answer 17

Parathyroid hormone increases circulating Ca

Calcitonin decreases circulating Ca

Question 18

Non-hormone factors of calcium metabolism

Answer 18

Phosphate - taken from bone
Vitamin D - needed to use Ca effectively

Question 19

Hypocalcemia has what effect on the heart?

Answer 19

Weak contractility - heart does not store Ca unlike skeletal muscle

Question 20

Hypoparathyroidism etiology (3) result?

Answer 20

Congenital lack of parathyroid glands
Post surgery or radiation
Autoimmune disease

hypocalcemia

Question 21

Low circulating calcium results in (3)

Answer 21

Increased Release of Ca from bone
Increased Reabsorption in kidneys
Increased uptake in gut

Question 22

Hyperparathyroidism etiology (3) outcome?

Answer 22

Adenoma (tumor)
Hyperplasia
Renal failure

Hypercalcemia

**calcium is there, but not being used. —>increased release of Ca from bone and bones more easily fractured

Question 23

Growth hormone as a whole is known as?

Answer 23

Somatotropin

Question 24

Release of somatotropin/GH from pituitary governed by what?

Answer 24

Release of somatotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus

Question 25

Gigantism vs Acromegaly

Answer 25

Gigantism is release of excess GH before puberty Acromegaly release of excess GH in adulthood, usually due to adenoma (tumor)

Question 26

What two hormones does the thyroid make? Governed by?

Answer 26

T3 (triiodothyronine) T4 (thyroxine) Hypothalamus - thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) —> Pituitary - Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) —> Thyroid

Question 27

Hyper vs hypothyroidism S&S

Answer 27

Hyper - high energy, anxious, bulging eyes, red, flushed skin, diarrhea, heat intolerance, weight loss Hypo - low energy, foggy, constipation, cold intolerance, weight gain

Question 28

Altered lipid metabolism from DM leads to what?

Answer 28

Altered lipid metabolism -> increased lipid mobilization -> increased ketogenesis in liver -> ketoacidosis -> metabolic acidosis -> respiratory alkalosis

Question 29

Neuropathy related to what in DM?

Answer 29

Hyperglycemia -> increased sorbitol -> damage to sensory nerve fibers