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1102 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Exchange of O2 & CO2 between an organism and the external environment.

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2
Q

State functions of the respiratory system.

A

Gas exchange, olfaction, speech, homeostasis, protection.

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3
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Utilisation of O2 by cells in metabolism.

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4
Q

Describe saline secretion by airway cells.

A

NKCC brings Cl- into epithelial cell from ECF.
Apical ion channels secrete Cl- into lumen.
Na+ moves into lumen via paracellular pathway, down EC gradient.
NaCl & water movement into lumen down conc gradient from ECF.

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5
Q

Describe the function & features of NOSE.

A

Filters & warms air.
- Epithelia secrete mucus
Smell.

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6
Q

Describe function & features of NASOPHARYNX

A

Warms air.
ADENOIDS fight infections - secondary lymphoid tissue.
Eustachian tubes equalise ear pressure.

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7
Q

Describe function & features of PHARYNX

A

Air & food passage.

TONSILS - secondary lymphoid tissue. Air flow resistance during infection.

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8
Q

Describe function & features of LARYNX.

A

Vocal chords.

GLOTTIS.

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9
Q

Describe function & features of TRACHEA.

A

2O C shaped cartilage rings & smooth muscle (C shaped)

Patency of airway.

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10
Q

Describe function & features of BRONCHI

A

Similar to trachea.

Ciliated epithelial cells - secrete mucus & saline.

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11
Q

____ receptors mediate broncho-constriction, ____ receptors mediate broncho-dilation

A

M3 muscarinic cholinergic receptors

β2 adreno-receptors

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12
Q

Alveoli: describe function of type 1 & 2 epithelial cells

A

1 - gas exchange

2 - synthesise surfactant -> reduces surface tension & resistance during breathing.

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13
Q

Describe the structural features of an alveoli.

A

Rich blood supply (capillary network)
Large surface area - spherical
V thin epithelia - 1 cell thick - rapid gas diffusion.

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14
Q

Describe the pathway of pulmonary gas transport.

A
  1. O2 enters blood via alveolar-capillary interface.
  2. O2 transported in blood dissolved in plasma or bound to Hb in RBCs
  3. O2 diffuses into cells.
  4. CO2 diffuses out.
  5. CO2 transported dissolved, bound to Hb or HCO3-.
  6. CO2 enters alveoli at alevolar-capillary interface.
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15
Q

State the equation for O2 & Hb association in RBCs

A

O2 + Hb –> HbO

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16
Q

What colour is arterial blood & why?

A

Red

HbO complex fully saturated with O2

17
Q

What colour is venous blood & why?

A

Purple

HbO complex devoid of O2.

18
Q

Describe the structure of a Hb molecule.

A

4 polypeptide chains:
2α & 2β.
Each chain has a haem group cont. Fe2+ which can bind an O2

19
Q

How many O2 molecules can 1 Hb molecule bind?

A

4

20
Q

Sketch a dissociation curve

A

Sigmoidal.

21
Q

What factors increase P50 (DECREASE AFFINITY)

A

> > Temp.
PCO2
2,3 DPG
&laquo_space;pH

22
Q

What factors decrease P50 (INCREASE AFFINITY)

A

&laquo_space;Temp.
&laquo_space;PCO2
&laquo_space;2,3 DPG
» pH.

23
Q

Describe the trend of a dissociation curve.

A

Sigmoidal:
PO2 0-60: abundant O2 but small change of O2 - stimulates 02 release in tissue
Inflection point: INCREASED AFFINITY for O2 molecules as conformation alters.
Plateau: O2 saturation.

24
Q

What is cooperative binding?

A

When Hb binds to an O2 molecule, the conformation alters to favour O2 binding (»> affinity).

25
Q

How does Hb ‘dump’ (dissociate) O2?

A

ALLOSTERIC INHIBITION by CO2 & H+ binding.

26
Q

Describe the effects of 2,3-DPG on Hb.

How does it shift the dissociation curve?

A

Transforms Hb to a LOW-O2 AFFINITY STATE -> increases O2 unloading in tissues.
ALLOSTERIC EFFECT.

Curve shifts right.

27
Q

How does blood pH affect the dissociation curve?

A
  • BOHR EFFECT
  • Acidic pH promotes O2 dissociation from Hb
  • Basic pH inhibits.
28
Q

State 3 ways how CO2 can be transported in the blood

A
  • Dissolved in blood plasma as CO2
  • Via RBCs (bound to Hb)
  • Dissolved in plasma as HCO3-
29
Q

State the equation linking CO2, H2O and carbonic acid.

A

H2O + CO2 H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

30
Q

What are the principle respiratory muscles?

A

External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Diaphragm

(+accessory muscles during exercise)

31
Q

Tidal volume

A

vol. of air moving during a single inspiration/expiration.

32
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume above tidal vol.

33
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Air forcefully exhaled after a normal expiration.

34
Q

Residual volume

A

air which cannot be expelled at the end of maximal expiration

35
Q

vital capacity

A

inspiratory reserve vol + expiratory reserve vol + tidal vol

36
Q

total lung capacity

A

vital capacity + residual vol.

37
Q

functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve vol + residual vol.

38
Q

what does Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) measure?

A

Vol. of air forcefully expelled after maximum inspiration.

39
Q

What muscle is mainly used during quiet breathing?

A

Diaphragm

1102 (14 decks)

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