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1102 > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

State kidney functions.

A

Homeostasis: plasma water & ion content, BP, pH.
Excretion of metabolic waste
Hormone production

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2
Q

State hormones produced by the kidneys.

A

Erythropoietin, renin, Vit D activation, prostaglandins, kinins.

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3
Q

Erythropoietin function

A

RBC synthesis

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4
Q

Renin function

A

Na+ balance

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5
Q

Vit D function

A

Ca2+ balance, bones

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6
Q

Prostaglandins & kinins function

A

Renal blood flow

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7
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney.

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8
Q

State the 2 outer layers of the kidney

A

CORTEX & MEDULLA

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9
Q

80% of nephrons are ____, located in the ____

20% are ____ located in the _____

A

cortical, cortex

juxtamedullary, medulla

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10
Q

Renal corpuscle consists of:

A

Bowman’s capsule & glomerulus

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11
Q

What occurs in the Bowman’s capsule?

A

ULTRA-FILTRATION of plasma fluid

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12
Q

Outline the pathway plasma fluid takes through the nephron to reach the bladder collecting duct.

A

Renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule & glomerulus)
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle: descending & ascending limb dips into medulla
Distal tubule
-> collecting duct

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13
Q

Distal tubules of up to __ nephrons drain into ______ ____ , which drain into the ____ _____.

The fluid is called ____.

A

8
collecting ducts
renal pelvis

urine

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14
Q

Blood flows from the ____ arteriole into the ______ and leaves via an ______ arteriole & ______ ______ surrounding the tubule.

A

Afferent, glomerulus
Efferent
peritubular capillaries

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15
Q

Vasa recta

A

Long peritubular capillaries which dip into the medulla.

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16
Q

Renal portal system function

A

filters fluid out blood & into the nephron lumen at the glomerulus

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17
Q

Fluids are reabsorbed from nephron tubules into the blood via _____ ________

A

Peritubular capillaries

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18
Q

State the 4 processes of nephron function

A

Filtration
Excretion
Reabsorption
Secretion

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19
Q

Vol. urine excreted =

A

vol. excreted = filtered - reabsorbed + secreted

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20
Q

State the average glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

~180 L/day

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21
Q

Filtration fraction

A

plasma that filters into the nephron

22
Q

State 2 mechanisms of GFR autoregulation

A

Myogenic mechanism

Tubuloglomerular feedback

23
Q

Describe myogenic regulation of GFR

A

Afferent & efferent arterioles have smooth muscle which can respond to pressure changes: vasoconstriction & vasodilation.

24
Q

Describe tubuloglomerular feedback following a GFR & RBF (renal blood flow) increase.

A

Macula densa cells release PARACRINE FACTORS.
Afferent arteriole constricts -> resistance increases -> hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus decreases.

GFR decreases

25
Q

Reabsorption of ~__% filtrate occurs in the ____ ____.

Reabsorption of salt & water is regulated by hormones in the ____ ____ and _____ _____.

A

70
proximal tubule

distal tubule, collecting duct

26
Q

Clearance =

A

clearance = (urine conc x urine flow rate)/plasma conc

27
Q

Define clearance

A

A vol. of plasma from which a substance has been removed & excrete into urine per unit time.

28
Q

Use of clearance

A

A marker of kidney functionality.

29
Q

State the 3 filtration barriers of glomerular filtration.

Function.

A

Capillary endothelium
Basal lamina
Podocytes

Proteins excluded from filtration via charge & MW.

30
Q

Describe features of the capillary endothelium.

A

Fenestrations: RBCs cannot leave capillary.

surface (-) proteins repulse (-) plasma proteins (albumin)

31
Q

Describe features of the basal lamina

A

NEGATIVE charge - excludes plasma proteins from filtration.

32
Q

Describe podocytes

A

In Bowman’s capsule.

FOOT PROCESSES - filtration slits.

33
Q

Which substances cannot be filtered?

A

Red blood cells

Serum albumin

34
Q

Where does reabsorption occur?

A

Proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal & collecting tubules.

35
Q

PROXIMAL TUBULE
Reabsorption of:
Secretion of:

A

Reabsorption:
~66% Na+, H2O, K+, Cl-
~100% glucose, amino acids
urea, urate, HCO3-

Secretion: H+ K+

36
Q

LOOP OF HENLE:

Descending limb epithelium is water ______ and NaCl _____.

Ascending limb epithelium is water _____.
Reabsorbs NaCl ______.

A

permeable, impermeable

impermeable, passively

37
Q

LOOP OF HENLE:
Reabsorption:
Secretion of:

A

Reabsorption:
~25% NaCl, K+, Cl-
~15% H20, urate, HCO3-

Secretion of H+

38
Q

Importance of the countercurrent multiplier exchanger.

A

Energy is used to generate an osmotic gradient to allow water reabsorption from tubular fluid -> produce concentrated urine.

39
Q

DISTAL TUBULE & COLLECTING DUCT

Reabsorption:
Secretion

A

Reabsorption:
~8% NaCl, K+, Cl-
~8-17% H2O, HCO3-

Secretion of H+ & K+

40
Q

Where does most reabsorption occur?

A

In the proximal convoluted tubule.

41
Q

VASOPRESSIN (ADH) function & secretory organ.

A

Stimulates water recovery via aquaporin at collecting duct -> URINE CONCENTRATES.

Pituitary gland.

42
Q

When is vasopressin released?

A

When Na+ levels rise.

43
Q

ALDOSTERONE regulates [__]

A

Na+

44
Q

Why does increased Na+ absorption increase blood pressure?

A

Na+ retention increases osmolarity -> increased thirst.

Drinking increases ECF, blood vol. increases -> BP rises.

45
Q

Aldosterone is secreted by the ____ ____ and increases Na+ recovery via ____ channel.

Aldosterone acts on _____ cells of which tubules?

A

adrenal cortex, ENaC.

Principal
Distal tubule & collecting duct

46
Q

If [Na+] is reduced in blood, is aldosterone secreted or inhibited?

Then what? What is the effect on the urine?

A

SECRETED

Increases Na+ recovery via ENaC.
URINE DILUTES

47
Q

SEVERE DEHYDRATION HOMEOSTASIS mechanism

A

LOW BP
-> high osmolarity
RAAS system activated
ANG II -&raquo_space;> water retention & BP, stimulates aldosterone.
Na+ reabsorption cannot occur.
VASOPRESSIN release -> water reabsorption.

OVERALL
Increased water retention, blood pressure & reduces osmolarity.

48
Q

State 3 types of diuretic drugs

A

Loop acting
Thiazide
K+ sparing

49
Q

Describe the mode of action of loop acting diuretics.

A

Inhibit Na+/K+/2Cl- transport and so reabsorption.

-> More ions in lumen.
Reduces BP.

50
Q

Describe the mode of action of thiazide diuretics.

A

Inhibit NaCl reabsorption mechanism in distal convoluted tubule.

Less water reabsorption -> dilutes urine.

51
Q

Describe the mode of action of K+ diuretics.

A

Inhibit ENaC
Block effects of aldosterone on ENaC channels.

Increased Na+ reabsorption & K+ secretion.

1102 (14 decks)

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