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1102 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions: MACROPHAGE

A

AGRANULOCYTE

Large phagocytic cell - engulfs foreign particles & pathogens.

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2
Q

Functions: EOSINOPHIL

A

Granulocyte
Kill antibody-coated parasites.
Involved in allergic response.

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3
Q

Functions: BASOPHIL

A

GRANULOCYTE

Releases chemicals involved in inflammation - HISTAMINE (causes VASODILATION)

Short-term inflammation (Allergy/irritation).

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4
Q

Functions: NEUTROPHIL

A

FIRST LINE DEFENCE

GRANULOCYTE

Phagocytic leukocyte.
(bacteria & fungi)
antigen presentation.

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5
Q

Functions: DENDRITIC CELL

A

processes antigen material & presents it on surface of other cells to induce an immune response.

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6
Q

Functions: MAST CELL

A 
LEUKOCYTE (GRANULOCYTE)
Mediates inflammation (HISTAMINE RELEASE) in response to large pathogens & allergens.
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7
Q

LYMPHOCYTES

A

AGRANULOCYTE
Large & mononuclear
B, T & NK cells.

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8
Q

GRANULOCYTES

A

ENZYMATIC granules
Release inflammatory mediators.
neutrophils (60%), eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

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9
Q

AGRANULOCYTES

A

MONONUCLEAR
INNATE & ADAPTIVE immune response.
LYSOSOMES.

MONOCYTES, LYMPHOCYTES, DENDRITIC cells.

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10
Q

PRIMARY LYMPHOID TISSUES & functions

A

Bone marrow & thymus

LYMPHOCYTE ORIGIN & maturation.
NO IMMUNE RESPONSE

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11
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUES & functions

A

TONSILS & ADENOIDS, Spleen, lymph nodes, appendix, Peyer’s patches

LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION -> IMMUNE RESPONSE.

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12
Q

LYMPH NODES

A

Lymph filters & site of adaptive immunity.

Circulating lymphocytes are activated when encounter pathogen.

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13
Q

Compare innate & adaptive immunity.

A 
INNATE: 1/2nd line of defence
FASTER response
No memory
Limited specificity
Constant during response
ADAPTIVE: 3rd line defence
SLOW response 
Memory
Highly specific
Variable
Improve during response.
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14
Q

INNATE IMMUNITY:

A

NATURAL due to genetic factors or physiology.
NOT induced by infection or vaccination.

PREVENTS, DETECTS, DESTROYS.

Skin, mucous membranes, microbiota
PHAGOCYTOSIS, INFLAMMATION, DEGRANULATION.

granulocytes & monocytes

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15
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY:

A

Has MEMORY & occurs after exposure to an antigen either from a pathogen or a vaccination

SPECIFIC.

ANTIGEN PRESENTATION, CELL-MEDIATED, HUMORAL, ANTIBODIES, COMPLEMENT, MAC complex, MEMORY CELLS.

T & B cells (memory)
Antibodies

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16
Q

Which cell type is common to both the innate & adaptive response?

A

DENDRITIC CELLS

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17
Q

Immediate innate immune response

A

Physical/chemical barriers
Antimicrobial peptides
Complement system

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18
Q

Describe the classical pathway of complement system.

A

C1 binds Ag-Ab complex.
C2 & C4 split.
C4b opsonin.

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19
Q

Describe the alternative pathway of complement system.

A

C3b opsonin, C3a/C5a pro-inflammatory.
MAC complex.
Pathogen lysis.

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20
Q

State the conditions for complement inactivation

A

EGTA, complement inhibitors & heat 56 C.

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21
Q

What is the MAC complex

A

Membrane Attack Complex forms cytotoxic pores -> pathogen lysis.

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22
Q

INDUCED INNATE RESPONSE

A

Phagocytosis.
Cytokine production & inflammation.
TLR activation
NK cells

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23
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

Regognition & attachment
Engulfment into a phagosome; fusion with lysosome forms PHAGOLYSOSOME ->
DEGRADATION.

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24
Q

Functions of CYTOKINES

A

Induce INFLAMMATION.
Regulate innate & adaptive immunity
Stimulate haematopoiesis

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25
Q

What structures produce cytokines.

A

MACROPHAGES, NEUTROPILS, T cells

Bone marrow stromal (stem) cells

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26
Q

Which cytokines are produced by macrophages

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF

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27
Q

Describe phases of inflammation

A

HISTAMINE release by mast cells -> INFLAMMATION
VASODILATION & increased vascular permeability
Leukocyte migration

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28
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

Attract immune cells to infection site.

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29
Q

Bacterial LPS activate __ in ___ to induce ___

A

TLRs in macrophages, phagocytosis

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30
Q

Viral RNA activate __ in infected cells.

A

TLRs

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31
Q

INTERFERONS

A

ANTIVIRAL : act as pyrogens

Activate NK cells

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32
Q

TOLL LIKE RECEPTORS (TLRs)

A

PRRs which recognise conserved features of pathogen molecules.

Propagate antigen-induced signal transduction pathways.

33
Q

NK cell activation by:

A

Cytokines (interferons) IFN-alpha & IFN-beta

34
Q

Describe NK cell activity:

A

IFN activate IFN receptors on NK cells
Effector NK cells proliferate & differentiate
induce APOPTOSIS - kill virus-infected cells

35
Q

Describe B cell development

A
  1. Generate BCR
  2. Negative selection
  3. BC migration & maturation
  4. BC activation & Ab prod.
36
Q

Where are B cells produced & mature

A

Bone marrow

37
Q

(A) Naive B cells encounter an antigen in a ____ ____ ____.

(B) Antigen-specific B cells are further activated by ____ __ cells.

(C) Some activated B cells proliferate in the ____ ____ & differentiate in ____ ____ which secrete ______. This is the ____ response.

(D) Other activated B cells migrate to and mature in a ____ ____ of the secondary lymphoid follicle. They differentiate into ___ ___ & secrete high-affinity isotype switching ___. Others differentiate into ____ ____ which posess high-affinity isotype-switched ___ ___. This develops the ____ response.

A

(A) Secondary lymphoid tissue

(B) Helper T cells

(C)
primary follicle.
plasma cells,
IgM antibody
primary response
(D)
Germinal centre
plasma cells
antibodies
memory cells
antigen receptors
secondary
38
Q

Describe a TCR

A

2 polypeptide chains: αβ
Each w a variable & constant region.
V chain: 3 CDRs
Proteins of CD3 complex

39
Q

What is a CDR

A

Hypervariable region

40
Q

TCRs recognise:

A

short peptide fragments bound to MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules)

41
Q

BCRs recognise:

A

Free antigens

42
Q

MHC Class I

  • where they are expressed
  • function
A

ALL NUCLEATED CELLS

Binds TCR of CD8 T cells.

43
Q

MHC Class II

  • where they are expressed
  • function
A

APCs (macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells)

Bind TCR of CD4 T helper cells.

44
Q

T cell binds ___ ____

A

MHC complex

45
Q

CYTOKINE

A

INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION

chemical messenger that regulates cell differentiation, proliferation, gene expression, and cell trafficking to effect immune responses

46
Q

Perforin

A

destructive protein that creates a pore in the target cell; used by NK cells and killer T cells

47
Q

NK cell

A

lymphocytes - cytotoxic: kill virus/tumour cells

48
Q

ALLERGY

A

Immune reaction due to immediate hypersensitivities in which an antibody-mediated response occurs within mins of exposure to a harmless antigen.

49
Q

LYMPH

A

Bathes tissues & organs with protective WBCs.

Does NOT contain erythrocytes

50
Q

T(reg) cell

A

suppresses local inflammation & inhibits cytokine, antibody & stimulatory immune factor secretion.

IMMUNE TOLERANCE

51
Q

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

A

adaptive immune response that is controlled by activated B cells and antibodies

52
Q

Antigen Presenting cells

A

immune cell that detects, engulfs, and informs adaptive immune response about an infection by presenting the processed antigen on the cell surface

53
Q

pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)

A

Distinctive conserved features expressed by viruses, bacteria & parasites which differs from molecules on host cells.

54
Q

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

collection of lymphatic tissue that combines with epithelial tissue lining the mucosa throughout the body.

TONSILS, ADENOIDS, bronchus ALT, peyer’s patches, appendix, follicles in intestinal mucosae

55
Q

Effector cell

A

A differentiated lymphocyte (B cells, plasma cell or cytotoxic T lymphocytes)

56
Q

Hypersensitivities

A

spectrum of maladaptive immune responses toward harmless foreign particles or self antigens; occurs after tissue sensitization and includes immediate-type (allergy), delayed-type, and autoimmunity

57
Q

T cell

A

lymphocyte that matures in the thymus gland

adaptive immune system

58
Q

Cell-mediated immune response

A

Adaptive immune response carried out by T cells

59
Q

Inflammation

A

localized redness, swelling, heat, & pain due to increased migration of leukocytes via blood to infection site due to VASODILATION

60
Q

ANTIBODY

A

protein produced by plasma cells (immunoglobulins)

61
Q

T(helper) cell

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM: binds APCs via MHC II molecules & stimulates B cells or secretes cytokines to initiate immune response.

62
Q

T(cytotoxic) cell

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE CELL : directly kills infected cells via PERFORIN & GRANZYMES, & releases cytokines to enhance immune response.

63
Q

INTERFERON

A

CYTOKINE - inhibits viral replication & modulates immune response.

64
Q

Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR)

A

molecule on macrophages and dendritic cells that binds molecular signatures of pathogens -> promotes PHAGOCYTOSIS.

65
Q

Memory T/B cell

A

antigen-specific B or T lymphocyte that does not differentiate into effector cells during the primary immune response but can immediately differentiate into an effector cell upon reinfection (same pathogen)

66
Q

CLONAL SELECTION

A

activation & dramatic proliferation of B cell variants corresponding to a specific BCR variant and the dramatic proliferation

67
Q

B cell

A

lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and differentiates into antibody-secreting plasma cells

68
Q

PASSIVE immunity

A

transfer of antibodies from one individual to another to provide temporary protection against pathogens

69
Q

GRANZYME

A

PROTEASE - enters cells through PERFORIN & induces apoptosis in target cell.
Used by NK & killer T cells.

70
Q

IMMUNODEFICIENCY

A

failure, insufficiency, or delay at any level of the immune system, which may be acquired or inherited

71
Q

MONOCYTE

A

Leukocyte - circulates blood & lymph, differentiates into MACROPHAGES IN infected TISSUE.

72
Q

OPSONISATION

A

enhances phagocytosis using proteins to indicate the presence of a pathogen to phagocytic cells

73
Q

Autoantibody

A

Incorrectly marks self components as foreign stimulating an immune response

74
Q

AUTOIMMUNE

A

inappropriate immune response to host cells or self-antigens

75
Q

Immune tolerance

A

acquired ability to prevent an unnecessary or harmful immune response to a detected foreign body known not to cause disease or to self-antigens

76
Q

PLASMA CELL

A

Secretes antibodies

Arise from B cells stimulated by antigens

77
Q

Major histocompatibility class (MHC) I / II molecule

A

Protein on surface of all nucleated cells (I) or specific on APCs (II) that signals immune cells if a cell is infected.

Provides template into which antigens can be loaded for recognition by lymphocytes,

78
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

A

~20 soluble proteins of innate immune system - ENHANCES PHAGOCYTOSIS, bores HOLES in pathogens & recruits lymphocytes.

Enhances adaptive response when antibodies are produced.

1102 (14 decks)

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