Cell Communication

Question 1

SECOND MESSENGERS

Answer 1

Small non-proteins which transmit signals within cell after receptor activation causes its release

Question 2

KINASES

Answer 2

Enzymes which catalyse transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule

Question 3

LIGANDS

Answer 3

molecule produced by a signalling cell that binds with a specific receptor

Question 4

GROWTH FACTORS

Answer 4

ligands which bind to cell-surface receptors & stimulate cell growth

Question 5

PHOSPHATASE

Answer 5

Removes phosphate group from a molecule which has been previously phosphorylated

Question 6

AUTOCRINE

Answer 6

Signal sent & received by same or similar cells

Question 7

Extracellular domains

Answer 7

located on cell-surface, part of a cell-surface receptor

Question 8

Cell surface receptors

Answer 8

transmit signals from exterior to interior of cell

Question 9

PARACRINE

Answer 9

signal between near cells delivered by ligands travelling in liquid medium inbetween cells

Question 10

PHOSPHODIESTERASE

Answer 10

degrades cAMP -> AMP

TERMINATES SIGNALLING

Question 11

ENZYME-LINKED RECEPTORS

Answer 11

cell-surface receptor with intracellular domains associated with membrane-bound enzymes

Question 12

Intracellular receptor

Answer 12

receptor protein that is located in the cytosol of a cell and binds to ligands that pass through the plasma membrane

Question 13

INOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID

Answer 13

lipid in plasma membrane converted into a second messenger; inositol (carbohydrate) hydrophilic head group

Question 14

IP3

Answer 14

PIP2 cleaved -> IP3

INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL MOLECULE

Question 15

Signal cascade

Answer 15

chain of events that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell to propagate the signal from the plasma membrane to produce a response

Question 16

LIGAND-GATED CHANNEL

Answer 16

cell-surface receptor that forms a plasma membrane channel, which opens when a ligand binds to the extracellular domain

Question 17

SIGNAL INTEGRATION

Answer 17

interaction of signals from two or more different cell-surface receptors that merge to activate the same response in the cell

Question 18

G-PROTEIN LINKED RECEPTOR

Answer 18

cell-surface receptor that activates membrane-bound G-proteins to transmit a signal from the receptor to nearby membrane components

Question 19

APOPTOSIS

Answer 19

PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

Question 20

QUORUM SENSING

Answer 20

Cellular communication method used by BACTERIA - signals abundance of bacteria in environment

Question 21

ENDOCRINE signal

Answer 21

LONG-DISTANCE signal delivered by hormones (ligands) via circulation from signal to target cell

Question 22

DIMERISATION

Answer 22

(of receptor proteins) interaction of 2 receptor proteins to form a functional complex - a DIMER.

Question 23

DIMER

Answer 23

2 molecules fused together.

Question 24

5 enzyme-linked receptor types

Answer 24

guanylyl cyclase
serine/threonine kinase
tyrosine kinase
tyrosine kinase-associated
tyrosine phosphate

Question 25

RECEPTOR GUANYLYL CYCLASE

Answer 25

2 GC domains convert GTP -> cGMP

Activates downstream kinases

Question 26

RECEPTOR SERINE/THREONINE KINASE

Answer 26

Ser-Thr kinase domains phosphorylate target proteins.

Question 27

RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE

Answer 27

Tyr-K domains phosphorylate self or proteins