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1102 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Define NEURON

A

An electrically excitable cell

Receives, processes & transmits info via electrical & chemical signals.

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2
Q

Define NERVE

A

Bundle of axons in PNS - conduct impulses between CNS & body.
(axons & neuroglia)

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3
Q

Define NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Network of nerve cells & fibres which transmits nerve impulses between bodily parts & coordinates its action.

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4
Q

MACROGLIA

+ main glial cells
+ functions

A

Cells in CNS & PNS

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells

nutrition, support, synthesise myelin

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5
Q

MICROGLIA

+ functions

A

tissue-based macrophages

phagocytosis & protect CNS neurons.

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6
Q

Sensory (afferent) input neurons

Location.

A

Convery info from tissue stimulus -> CNS.

In PNS.

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7
Q

Motor (efferent) output neurons

Location

A

Transmit signals from CNS to PNS (effector muscles/glands)

Motor cortex, brain stem & spinal cord.

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8
Q

Interneurons (relay / association)

+ Location
+ Function

A

Transmit signals between neurons (sensory - motor) (via dendrites).

+ Brain, visual system, spinal cord. (CNS)
+ Information processing & decision making.

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9
Q

Neurosecretory cells

Location

A

Secrete hormones.

Hypothalamus, adrenal medulla, thyroid gland & hormone secretory organs.

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10
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

ONE neurite extends from cell body.

Mostly sensory.

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11
Q

PSEUDOUNIPOLAR neuron

A

Dendrites & axons fused in a single process which divides into 2 processes (axon & dendrite).

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12
Q

BIPOLAR neuron

A

Has 2 neurite extensions.

Specialised sensory neurons (olfactory cells, inner ear, retina)

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13
Q

MULTIPOLAR neuron

A

Single axon & many dendrites.

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14
Q

ANAXONIC neuron

A

axon cannot be differentiated from dendrites.

Often intermediate in multipolar neuron development.

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15
Q

GLIA / NEUROGLIA

+ Functions.

A

Non-neuronal cells.

- maintain homeostasis: form myelin & support/protect neurons in C&PNS.

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16
Q

Functions of glial cells

A
  • support neurons
  • supply nutrients & O2 to NS
  • insulate neurons
  • destroy pathogens & dead neurons
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17
Q

State 4 CNS macroglial cells.

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymocytes
Radial glia

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18
Q

State 3 PNS macroglial cells.

A

Schwann, satellite, enteric glial cells.

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19
Q

Astroglia functions

A

Form BBB

Regulate external environment of neurons : remove XS K+ ions & recycle neurotransmitters.

20
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin - coat axons

21
Q

Ependymocytes

A

CSF filled.

line spinal cord & brain ventricular system.

22
Q

Radial glia

A

Involved in neurogenesis.

23
Q

Schwann cells

A

form myelin - coat axons

24
Q

Satellite cells

A

Regulate external chemical environment.

25
Q

Enteric glial cells

A

Regulate homeostasis in intrinsic ganglia of digestive system.

26
Q

Describe the structure of a nerve

A

3 layers: epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium.

Nerve: covered by the EPINEURIUM, contains neurons bundled in fascicles.
Each fascicle is covered by the PERINEURIUM.
ENDONEURIUM covers each small fibre.

27
Q

CNS

A

Brain & spinal cord.

INTEGRATION & CONTROL

28
Q

PNS

A

Cranial & spinal nerves

Communication pathways between CNS & rest of body.

29
Q

Sensory (afferent) division

A

Conduct impulses from receptors to CNS

30
Q

Motor (efferent) division

A

Conduct impulses from CNS to effector muscles.

31
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Involuntary (unconscious)

Conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac & smooth muscles, glands…

32
Q

Somatic NS

A

Voluntary

Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles.

33
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Fight or flight

34
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Rest & digest

35
Q

Enteric NS

A

Regulate GI tract function

36
Q

State the 3 branches of the ANS

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic & enteric NS.

37
Q

Define REFLEX ARC

A

Neural pathway which controls physiological reactions.

38
Q

Unconditioned reflex

A

Automatic innative instinctive reaction to a stimulus.

39
Q

Conditioned reflex

A

Automatic response established by training.

40
Q

Outline the pathway of a reflex arc

A

Stimulus - sensory (afferent) nerve - CNS & motor nerve - motor (efferent) nerve - effector muscle/gland

41
Q

Neurons communicate via ____

A

Synapses

42
Q

Where are neurotransmitters synthesised?

A

Neuron cell body

then transported down axon

43
Q

What happens to vesicles without neurotransmitter?

A

Transported back to cell body.

44
Q

Describe synaptic transmission from the point where an action potential reaches axon terminal.

A
  1. Membrane DEPOLARISATION.
  2. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open.
  3. Ca2+ influx triggers release of neurotransmitters from vesicles.
  4. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors -> excites/inhibits postsynaptic neuron.
  5. Neurotransmitters then recycled.
45
Q

Excitatory synapses induce cell ____ .

Induces ___ influx in post synaptic neuron.

A

depolarisation

Na+

46
Q

Inhibitory synapses induce cell ___ .

Induces __ influx in post synaptic neuron.

A

hyperpolarisation

Cl-

1102 (14 decks)

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