Respiratory Sys Flashcards by Kinsley Carr

rhin/naso

nose

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oro

mouth

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lingua

tongue

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Functions of Respiratory sys (2)

-Exchanges gases
-Protects body from air borne irritants

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Major Organs

-Nasal cavities
-Larynx
-Pharynx
-Trachea
-Lungs

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Nasal Septum

Divides nasal cavity into 2 sections

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Mucosa Lining

Warms incoming air and traps foreign objects

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Ciliated Cells in nasal mucosa

Propel trapped debris towards the throat for digestion

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Conchae

Three ridges in nasal cavity. Increase the mucosal surface area and air turbulence

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Uvula

Prevents food from entering other parts of the nasal cavity

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Paranasal sinuses

Surrounds the nasal cavity. Lightens the skull, resonates speech, produces mucus.

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Portions of the pharynx

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx,

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Tonsils

Trap and remove foreign pathogens from entering the throat. Important tonsils: pharyngeal tonsil, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils

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Larynx

Voice box. A short section of cartilage that connects the pharynx to the trachea

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Functions of the Larynx

Provide an open airway (cartilage), divert air and food into the proper pathways (epiglottis), produce sound (vocal cords)

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Hyaline Cartilage

In larynx and trachea. Keeps the soft tissue of the upper respiratory tract from collasping during breathing

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Thyroid cartilage

Makes up the adam’s apple

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Cricoid Cartilage

Attaches larynx to trachea

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Epiglottis

Flap of elastic cartilage that protects the superior opening of larynx

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Vocal Cords

Elastic folds or tissues within the larynx

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Vestibular folds

Beyond vocal cords. Works with vocal cords to close larynx to prevent food from entering the respiratory sys.

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How do vocal cords produce different sounds?

Volume, Pitch, Articulation

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Volume

Pushing more air through the vocal cords

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Pitch

Changing the tension and thickness of the vocal cords

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Articulation

The use of tongue, lips, mouth, and teeth, to produce various sounds

Trachea

Rigid tube surrounded by horseshoe shaped cartilaginous rings that open posteriorly

Cartilaginous rings in trachea

Prevent trachea from collapsing. Tissue between rings gives the neck flexibility

pneumo

air

spir

breathe

Bronchi (2)

What the trachea divides into near the lungs.

Bronchioles

Smaller tubes that the two bronchi branch into

Pleura

Thin membrane that covers the lungs

Pleural fluid

In the pleura space. Function is to reduce friction between the lungs and other organs

Right Lung

Has 3 lobes.

Left Lung

Has two lobes and a cardiac notch- an indentation for the heart.

Aveoli

Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. Clustered into small bunches.

Alveolar fluid

Keeps cells moist. Includes surfactant that prevents the alveoli from collapsing

Respiratory Zone

Site of gas exchange within the respiratory system

Respiratory Membrane

Found between the capillary and each alveolus

Alveolar Macrophages

Move in and out of alveoli, collecting any remaining bacteria.

pulmon-

lung

alveol-

small cavity

External respiration

Occurs when gases are exchanged between the pulmonary blood vessels and alveoli. Occurs in the lungs.

Ventilation

Comes before external inspiration. Known as breathing.

Internal respiration

Occurs when the blood exchanges gases with the body tissues. Occurs throughout the body.

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle connected to the ribs. Helps with breathing.

External Intercostals

Muscles found between each rib of the ribcage. Helps with breathing

Contraction of Diaphragm and External Intercostals

Expands the rib cage, decreasing the pressure in the lungs, causing air to rush in.

Relaxation of Diaphragm and External Intercostals

Decreases size of rib cage. Increases pressure inside lungs, causing air to rush out.

Tidal Volume

Amount of air that is exchanged by lungs at rest.

Inspiratory reserve volume

Additional amount of air that can be inhaled consciously

Expiratory reserve volume

Additional amount of air that can be exhaled consciously

Residual volume

Amount of air remaining in lungs after a forced exhalation

Vital Capacity

Amount of air consciously exchanged with the environment (inhaling and exhaling)

Total lung capactiy

Vital capacity+ residual volume. (6 liters for men, 10% less for women)

hyper-

above

hypo-

below

-pnea

respiration

Rate of Respiration

Controlled by medulla and pons of brainstem

Medulla

Contains Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) and Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

VRG

Controls neurons for quiet, regular breathing

DRG

Collects sensory information from body receptors to passes it to VRG

Pons respiratory centers

Modify the timing and smooth control of breathing by communicating with the VRG

What alters respiration rates?

Physical factors, conscious control, emotional factors, and chemical factors

How does carbon dioxide affect blood?

Increase in CO2 raises carbonic acid, decreasing blood pH