Respiratory Structure Topic 2 - Midterm

Question 1

what is the Purpose of the respiratory system

Answer 1

to obtain O2 for use by the body’s cells and to eliminate the CO2 the body cells produce

Question 2

what are the two main processes involved in the respiratory system

Answer 2

Internal respiration
External respiration

Question 3

what is internal respiration

Answer 3

the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the tissues and blood within the body.

Question 4

Internal respiration is also known as _______________ as it occurs inside the living cells.

Answer 4

cellular respiration

Question 5

what is External respiration

Answer 5

refers to the exchange of gases between the external environment and the body, specifically the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the lungs and the blood. This process occurs during inhalation and exhalation, as air is moved into and out of the lungs.

Question 6

what are the four steps involved in External Respiration

Answer 6

Pulmonary Ventilation: The process of breathing involves the movement of air in and out of the lungs, which is controlled by the respiratory muscles. During inhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and causing air to flow into the lungs. During exhalation, the muscles relax, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and causing air to flow out of the lungs.

Gas Diffusion: Once the air reaches the lungs, the process of gas diffusion takes place. Oxygen (O2) diffuses from the alveoli (air sacs in the lungs) into the pulmonary capillaries (small blood vessels surrounding the alveoli) due to a concentration gradient. At the same time, carbon dioxide (CO2) diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli.

Transport of Gases: After the gas exchange occurs in the lungs, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin in the red blood cells and transported throughout the body via the circulatory system. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions or bound to hemoglobin.

Gas Exchange in Tissues: At the tissue level, oxygen diffuses from the capillaries into the cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the capillaries. This process is facilitated by a concentration gradient, and it provides the cells with the oxygen they need for metabolism while removing the waste product of carbon dioxide.

Question 7

DRAW OUT THE STEPS OF EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

Question 8

How does oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream

Answer 8

by pressure gradient(high pressure to low pressure)

Question 9

oxygen diffuses through _________________ into the bloodstream which goes through the ________________into_______ side of the ________

Answer 9

pulmonary capillaries
pulmonary vein
left
heart

Question 10

where does oxygen go after it leaves the heart

Answer 10

left ventricle
arteries
muscle

Question 11

describe the process of Ventilation between the atmosphere and air sacs(alveoli) in the lungs

Answer 11

Diffuses into the bloodstream by pressure gradient(high pressure to low pressure)

Diffuses through pulmonary capillaries into the bloodstream which goes through the pulmonary vein into left side of the heart

Then to left ventricle then to arteries then to muscle

Simultaneously CO2 is produced and goes through the right side of heart pumped through the pulmonary artery

Question 12

Anatomy consists of

Answer 12

Respiratory airways leading into the lungs

Lungs (airways and alveoli)

Structures of the thorax involved in producing movement of air through the airways into and out of the lungs

Question 13

DRAW OUT THE ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OR TAKE AN ONLINE QUIZ

Question 14

no gas exchange occurs until you get to the ___________

Answer 14

ALVEOLI

Question 15

No gas exchange in ____________

Answer 15

conducting zone

Question 16

DRAW AND LABEL OUT THE CONDUCTING AND RESPIRATORY ZONE

Question 17

Airways lined(outside) with ____________

Answer 17

smooth muscle

Question 18

Airways lined(inside) with ____________

Answer 18

cilia

Question 19

what device is used to conduct lung imaging

Answer 19

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Question 20

Lungs located in the _________________

Answer 20

thoracic cavity

Question 21

define the Thoracic cavity

Answer 21

Air-tight sealed space within the chest that contains the lungs, heart, and other vital organs

Question 22

Lung consists of

Answer 22

series of highly branched airways
the alveoli
the pulmonary blood vessels
large quantities of elastic connective tissue

Question 23

what is the function of the airways

Answer 23

carry air between the atmosphere and the air sacs

Question 24

the airways consist of

Answer 24

Nasal passages (nose)

Pharynx (common passageway for respiratory and digestive systems)

Larynx (voice box)

Trachea (windpipe)

Right and left bronchi

Bronchioles

Question 25

what are some physical features of the trachea

Answer 25

Fairly rigid, nonmuscular tubes
Rings of cartilage preventing collapse

Question 26

what are some physical features of the bronchioles

Answer 26

No cartilage to hold them open

Walls contain smooth muscle innervated by autonomic nervous system

Sensitive to certain hormones and local chemicals

Alveoli (air sacs) clustered at ends of terminal bronchiole

Question 27

What do “puffers” do

Answer 27

Also called ‘bronchodilators’, relievers relax the airway muscles and open the airways, making it easier to breathe.

Question 28

what is the function of the alveoli

Answer 28

Thin-walled, inflatable sacs that function in gas exchange

Question 29

The walls of the alveoli consist of which type of cells

Answer 29

single layer of flattened Type I alveolar cells

Question 30

what encircle each alveolus

Answer 30

Pulmonary capillaries

Question 31

Type II alveolar cells secrete

Answer 31

pulmonary surfactant

Question 32

what is Surfactant

Answer 32

surrounds alveoli ,lowers surface tension(

Question 33

what is the function of surfactant

Answer 33

substance lowers surface tension
keeps the alveoli from collapsing after exhalation
makes breathing easy

Question 34

what do the Pores of Kohn do (Don’t worry too much about this )

Answer 34

permit airflow between adjacent alveoli (collateral ventilation).

Question 35

why is the barrier between the interstitial fluid and alveolar cell is so small

Answer 35

allow for easier diffusion.

Question 36

what is the Outer chest wall (thorax) formed by

Answer 36

Formed by 12 pairs of ribs that join sternum anteriorly and thoracic vertebrae posteriorly

Question 37

Chest wall contains muscles involved in

Answer 37

generating pressure that causes airflow

Question 38

Muscle of inspiration include

Answer 38

diaphragm
external intercostals
parasternal intercostals
scalenes
sternocleidomastoid

Question 39

Muscles of expiration include

Answer 39

internal intercostals
rectus abdominis
external and internal obliques
transversus abdominis

Question 40

what percentage of the enlargement of the thoracic cavity during quiet respiration is due to the contraction and flattening of the diaphragm.

Answer 40

Seventy-five (or more) percent

Question 41

how does the expansion of the thoracic cavity decreases intrapleural pressure.

Answer 41

Thus, the expansion of the thoracic cavity during inhalation decreases intrapleural pressure, creating a pressure gradient that facilitates the movement of air into the lungs.

Question 42

what can further enlarge the thoracic cavity.

Answer 42

action of accessory inspiratory muscles