RESPIRATORY - respiratory system review Flashcards
EXAM 2 content
what is the respiratory structure that connects between the upper & lower respiratory tract?
larynx
what consist of the UR tract?
nasopharynx & oropharynx
what is the function of the nasopharynx & oropharynx?
bring air into lungs
what is the function of the lungs?
passing oxygen into blood & remove CO2
how many lobes does the right and left lung have?
right: 3 lobes
left: 2 lobes
what are the major structures of the lungs?
- trachea
- primary bronchi
- secondary bronchi
- segmental bronchi
- terminal bronchioles
- alveoli
- pleurae
where are the surfactants of the lungs located? what do surfactants do?
surfactants allow surface tension which allow the lungs to be inflated
- in between the visceral & parietal pluera
where does gas exchange occur?
the circulation around alveoli
where is the control center for respiration?
pons & medulla
what are the receptors called that senses changes in CO2 & changes respiratory rate to calibrate proper CO2 in blood
chemoreceptors
where do chemoreceptors sense this change?
environment
what receptors influence rate & depth in breathing?
stretch receptors
what is ventilation?
movement of gas/air into and out of lungs
what is perfusion?
brings blood to lungs & alveoli to be diffused –> O2 to tissues & CO2 expelled
what is diffusion?
the actual exchange of oxygen into the alveoli membrane –> plasma –> binds with hemoglobin –> Hgb transports O2 to tissues
during ventilation, how does the diaphragm work?
- diaphragm contracts –> lungs expand –> negative pressure due to atmosphere –> air flows passively in lungs
- diaphragm relaxes –> lungs recoil –> air expelled out
what are the accessory muscles during ventilation?
- intercostal –> helps widen rib cage
- scalene & sternocleidomastoid –> attach from cervical spine to collar bone & rib cage –> helps expand when we need a little more (when neck is pulling, accessory muscles are trying to get more air)
what are the 2 types of perfusion?
pulmonary & bronchial perfusion
what does pulmonary perfusion do?
the key to gas exchange
- deoxygen blood through pulmonary artery
- oxygen blood through pulmonary veins
what does bronchial perfusion do?
provides support to conduct airways
- warms & humidifies air for better environment for respiration
- bronchial veins gives a little deoxygen blood to enter into the oxygenated blood
what is low ventilation & normal perfusion
shunt
- pneumonia & atelectasis –> hypoxia
- any blocking to get air in
- filling the aveoli
what is normal ventilation & low perfusion
dead space
- pulmonary embolism (biggest reason), emphysema, severe heart failure
