ONCOLOGY - risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis & classification Flashcards
EXAM 2 content (24 cards)
what is epigenetics? how is this a risk factor?
person’s genetic makeup that interacts with environmental & lifestyle factors –> changes in gene function & disrupt normal biologic factors for cell proliferation
- reversible
- can not change DNA sequence
- can change how body reads DNA sequence
do cancers have early s/s?
cancers do NOT have early s/s
what does the C in CAUTION UP mean? what cancers are associated with this?
C = changes in bowel & bladder habits
- bowel: GI cancers - colorectal & stomach
- bladder: prostate & urogenital cancers
what does the A mean in CAUTION UP? what cancers are associated with this?
A = a sore that doesn’t heal
- even w treatment
- pain & size gets worse
- skin & oral cancer
what does the U stand for in CAUTION UP? what cancers are associated with this?
U = unusual bleeding / discharge @ any part of body
- nipples: breast cancer
- genitalia: gynecological - uterine & cervical cancers
what does the T stand for in CAUTION UP? what cancers are associated with this?
T = thickening or lump in breast or somewhere else
- lumps can be common they are PAINLESS
- breast / testicular cancer
what does the I stand for in CAUTION UP? what cancers are associated with this?
I = indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- bloating & n/v
- mouth, throat, esophagus, & stomach cancers
what does the O stand for in CAUTION UP? what cancers are associated with this?
O = obvious change in warts & moles
- skin cancer – melanoma
- ABCDE rule = asymmetry, border, color, diameter > 6mm, & evolution
what does the N stand for in CAUTION UP? what cancers are associated with this?
N = nagging cough or hoarseness
- changes in voice & coughing blood
- lasts for months +
- smoking incr risk
- throat or lung cancer
what does the 2ND U stand for in CAUTION UP? what cancers are associated with this? why is this so concerning to adults?
U = unexplained weight loss
- sign of ADVANCED cancer
- fatigue, weak, cant do everyday activities, loss of appetite
concern for adults bc of slow metabolism & have to lose weight with trying
what does the P stand for in CAUTION UP? what cancers are associated with this?
P = pernicious anemia
- inflammation & destruction of gastric mucosa –> destruction of intrinsic factor –> incr risk of stomach cancer
- intrinsic factor made by stomach is needed for vit b12 to be absorbed by ileum
what is a biopsy?
examining tumor tissue –> DEFINITIVE cancer diagnosis
what are the different types of biopsies? what cancers are associated with each biopsy?
- excision = complete removal, margin of normal tissue – mastectomy & partial colectomy
- incisional = part removal – lymph node & muscle mass
- core needle = direct visual/guide of ultrasound or CT scan, tissue & cell are examined – needle prostate & liver mass
- fine needle = cytologic study, cell & small groups – aspiration of thyroid & breast mass
- exfoliative cytology = cells shed from surface thru endoscopic procedures – cervix, lung (sputum), & urine
what are the two categories of classifying the ANATOMIC SITE of a tumor?
- solid tumors = associated w organs from where they develop
- hematologic cancers = originate from blood cell forming tissue
what is histologic classification? what are the two categories?
histologic classification = grading
- how it LOOKS under a microscope
- appearance of cells = dysplasia
- degree of differentiation = changing in function
what are the grades of histologic classification?
- GRADE I = low grade, mild dysplasia & well differentiated
- GRADE II = intermediate grade, moderate dysplasia, moderately differentiated
- GRADE III = high grade, severe dysplasia, poorly differentiated
- GRADE IV = high grade, cells immature, primitive (anaplasia), undifferentiated, cell origin is difficult to determine
- GRADE X = can not be assessed
if cancer cells appear to be close to normal tissue of origin =?
better prognosis
what is clinical staging?
grading scale of the ANATOMIC EXTENT of cancer, how far it has moved
- helps with diagnosis –> best treatment option
what kinds of test can we use to know how much cancer there is?
- BIOPSY
- -oscopy
- x ray
- CT scans
- MRI
- ultra sound
- PET scans
what are the stages of clinical staging?
- STAGE 0 = carcinoma in situ
- STAGE I = no metastasis
- STAGE II = local invasion
- STAGE III = spread to regional structures
- STAGE IV = distant metastasis
what is the TNM system? what does each letter mean?
most common staging system for cancer
- T = describes the original (primary) TUMOR
- N = whether the cancer has spread to the nearby lymph NODES
- M = tells whether the cancer METASTASIZED
what is within the T of TNM?
- T1-T4 = higher the T, high the growth of tumor + near tissues
- TX = tumor cant be measures
- T0 = tumor cant be found
what is within the N of TNM?
- N1-N3 = higher N, higher the amount of lymph nodes contain cancer
- NX = cancer in lymph nodes can not be measured
- N0 = no cancer in nearby lymph nodes
what is within the M of TNM?
- MX = metastasis cant be measured
- M0 = cancer has NOT SPREAD to other parts of the body
- M1 = METASTASIS, cancer spread to other parts of body
