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BIOL 336 > Respiratory Physiology I (Lectures 42- 45 ) > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology I (Lectures 42- 45 ) Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 steps of the respiratory function overview

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation– the movement of air into lungs (inspiration) and out of the lungs (expiration) by bulk flow
  2. Exchange between lung air spaces and blood by diffusion
  3. Transportation of O2 and CO2 between lungs and body tissues by the blood
  4. Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and body tissues by diffusion
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2
Q

What is the difference between internal and external respiration

A

Internal = cellular respiration

External: oxygen exchange from body and environment

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3
Q

What does the upper airway refer to

A

nasal cavities, oral cavity, pharynx

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4
Q

Both the nasal and oral cavities lead to the _____

A

pharynx

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5
Q

After the pharynx, food enters the _____ and air enters the ______.

A

esophagus

larynx

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6
Q

What are the two components of the respiratory tract.

What is the main difference between the 2 components

A

conducting zone the respiratory zone

The conducting zone begins with the larynx and contains vocal cords. It functions to conduct air from the larynx to the lungs.

The respiratory zone is the site of gas exchange within the lungs

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7
Q

(T/F) Only airspaces with sufficiently thin walls can participate in gas exchange

A

True

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8
Q

The larynx opens into the _______ which in turn opens into _______, one of which enters each lungs

A

trachea

two bronchi

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9
Q

Each bronchi divides into _____. On the right side there are _______ and on the left there are _____

A

secondary bronchi
3
2

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10
Q

What is alveoli

A

Alveoli is the site of gas exchange between themselves and the blood.
The airways terminate in clusters called alveolar sacs

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11
Q

What are alveolar sacs

A

termination of alveoli.

It is surrounded with elastic fibers and a network of capillaries

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12
Q

The air-facing surface of a single wall is lined by a ____________ called ______.

A

continuous layer of one cell thick, flat epithelial cells

type 1 alveolar cells

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13
Q

Type I vs Type II alveolar cells

A

Type I alveolar cells are the site of gas exchange while Type II alveolar cells synthesize surfactant ( aids lung expansion when breathing)

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14
Q

how does gas pass between alveolar airspace and blood

A

They diffuse across the thin walls of alveolar cells

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15
Q

Each lung is surrounded by a fluid filled _____

A

pleural sac

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16
Q

What is the pleural sac

A

a double membrane surrounding each lung. One surrounds the chest wall and the other surrounds the lungs. ( think of it as a fluid filled balloon)

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17
Q

Ventilation occurs because of the presence of _____

A

pressure gradient between the alveoli and outside air

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18
Q

Inspiration occurs when ..

Expiration occurs when ..

A

Inspiration occurs when Palv < Patm

Expiration occurs when Palv > Patm

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19
Q

Name the four primary pressures that are associated with ventilation

A

Patm
Palv
Pip
transpulmonary pressure

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20
Q

What is Atmospheric Pressure and its characteristics

A

This is the pressure of the atmosphere
It is kept constant.
As elevation increases, Patm decreases. It increases under water .

At sea level Patm is 760 mmHg
However is it set to 0 mmHg for class

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21
Q

What is intra-alveolar pressure and its characteristics

A

The intra-alveolar pressure is the pressure within the alveoli

It is given relatively to the Patm.
During inspiration, Palv is negative and during expiration, Palv is positive

The difference between the Palv and Patm drives ventilation

22
Q

What is intra-plural pressure and its function

A

The intra-plural pressure is the pressure within the plural sac.

The intra-plural pressure is always negative due to the opposing pulls on the intra-pleural space. The surface tension created is what hold the lungs and walls in place.

The intra-pleural pressure is always less than Palv.

At rest the intra-pleural pressure is about -4 mmHg

23
Q

What is the transpulmonary pressure and its characteristics

A

The transpulmonary pressure is the pressure difference between the Palv and Pip (P alv - Pip )

It is the distending pressure across the lung wall.
An increase in transpulmonary pressure causes a larger pressure against the lung wall. (ex: lungs expanding increasing the volume inside)

24
Q

How does pneumothorax happen

A

Pneumothorax happens when the negative pressure in the intrapleural pressure is not longer present.
This causes the lungs to collapse and recoil while the chest wall expands

25
Air flow into and out of the lungs is driven by _____ that the respiratory muscles create by _______
pressure gradient | changing volume in lungs
26
What is Boyle's Law
Pressure and volume is inversely related.
27
What 2 factors determine the intra-alveolar pressure
Quantity of air in alveoli and | volume of the alveoli
28
Explain Inspiration Pressure
At the start of inspiration, inspiration muscles contract, causing the lung muscles to expand. This expansion results in the lower of alveolar pressure. When alveolar pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure, air is drawn into the lungs Due the the increase in air molecules flowing in, alveolar pressure increases. Air molecules stop flowing in when Palv = Patm. Lung volume decreases, which causes air to flow out of the lungs. The quantity of air in the alveolar decreases, which lowers the pressure towards 0
29
Explain the Inspiration process ( muscle)
Inspiration is initiated by the simulation of inspiratory muscles ( ACh is released at the NMJ) Contraction of diaphragms causes it to flatten and move downward. Contraction of the external interconstals causes the ribs to pivot outward and expanding the wall of the chest As the chest expands, it pulls on the intrapleural fluid, causing a decrease in Pip The decrease of Pip is an increase of transpulmonary pressure. Increase in transpulmonary pressure leads to a larger distending pressure across lungs, therefore, the lungs expands to the chest wall When lungs expand, Palv < Patm ; air flows in the alveoli in bulk flow
30
During quiet breathing, expiration is usually a ______ that ______ muscle contraction
passive process | does not require
31
Explain expiration process ( muscle)
When motor neurons in the inspiratory muscles stop firing, inspiratory muscles relax The lungs and chest wall recoil to its original position The volume of the thoracic cavities decrease, causing Palv > Patm Air flows out till Palv = P atm
32
What are the two factors that affect pulmonary ventilation
Lung compliance and Airway resistance
33
What is pulmonary ventilation
Pulmonary ventilation is the rate at which air flows in and out of the lungs
34
Define lung compliance
Lung compliance is the change in lung volume that results from the given change in transpulmonary pressure
35
Is having a large lung compliance advantageous or not
Yes, it is advantageous This is because only a small change in transpulmonary pressure is needed to bring in a given volume of air. Less work is required for muscle contraction
36
What are factors that affect lung compliance
Surface tension and elasticity Elasticity is present in the lungs due to the elastic connective tissue fibers. Forces by these fibers oppose lung expansion. Surface tension is the work needed to increase surface area by a certain amount
37
What is emphysema
Emphysema is the destruction of these elastic fibers. This causes a high compliance within the lungs. However, they will not recoil to its resting position during expiration which can be very bad.
38
How does surface tension affect lung compliance . Explain the mechanisms
Work is needed to increase surface area of the fluid layer and also stretch the elastic tissue. Pulmonary surfactants secreted by type II alveolar cells help decrease surface tension by interfering with hydrogen bonding between water molecules. Surfactant stabilizes alveoli of different sizes (r) by differentially altering surface tension allowing the alveoli to have the same pressure.
39
______ decreases the surface tension in the alveoli. It is secreted at the ______.
Pulmonary surfactant // type II alveolar cells
40
The greater the surface tensions the _____ the compliant
less
41
Premature babies can develop _______ . | Explain and what is the treatment for it
Newborn respiratory distress syndrome Surfactant synthesis develops about 25th weeks of development and is adequate by 34 weeks. Little surfactant causes alveoli to collapse with every breath, draining a lot of energy in addition to low-compliance lungs. Treatment = administer steroid hormone to help stimulate surfactant production or artificial surfactant administration / artificial administration.
42
How does airway resistance affect pulmonary ventilation
In increase in resistance causes a high pressure gradient needed to produce airflow
43
What are the 3 parameters that contribute to resistance:
Radius -- the major one Length of the system ( constant) viscosity of the air ( usually also constant )
44
_____ is the device used to measure the inspired and expired air volume. It works by ...
Spirometer It works by breathing in and out of a tube connected to a transducer that converts volume air to an electrical signal proportional to the volume
45
3 of the 4 non overlapping lung volumes measured include
tidal volume. inspiratory volume expiratory reserve volume
46
What are the 4 non overlapping lung volumes and explain each of them
Tidal Volume (VT): is the volume of air that moves in and out of lungs during a single unforced breath Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): is the maximum volume of air that can be inspired by the end of a normal inspiration Residual Volume (RV): the volume of air that is left remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): maximum volume of air that can be expired from the end of a normal expiration
47
Lung capacities are the _______
sums of two or more lung volumes
48
Inspiratory Capacity = Vital capacity = Functional residual capacity = total lung capacity =
IC = tidal volume + IRV VC = tidal volume + ERV FRC (volume in lungs after passive exhale) = ERV + RV TLC = tidal volume + ERV + IRV + RV
49
Minute ventilation is ____ than alveolar ventilation because of _____, which refers to the ______
greater dead space air at the upper airway that can't be used for gas exchange
50
Minute ventilation = _____ * ______
tidal volume * respiratory rate
51
Alveolar ventilation = formula
(tidal volume - anatomical dead space) * respiratory rate

BIOL 336 (10 decks)

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