Cardiovascular Physiology II ( Lectures 37 -41)

Question 1

What are the two major phases of the cardiac cycle. Explain

Answer 1

Systole– when there is ventricular contraction / blood ejects from the heart
Diastole– where there is ventricular relaxation, blood moves into the heart.

Question 2

What are the 2 discrete periods of systole

Answer 2

Isovolumetric ventricular systole

• -Since all valves are closed at this period, the ventricular volume is constant.
• • The ventricles are still contracting raising the ventricular blood pressure

Ventricular ejection

• -the semilunar valves open
• • when ventricular pressure exceeds aorta/ pulmonary artery pressure

Question 3

What is stroke volume

Answer 3

The amount of blood ejected
= End diastolic volume - end systolic volume

a typical value is about 70mL

Question 4

what are the 2 discrete period of diastole

Answer 4

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
– since AV notes and semilunar valves are closed at this point, the ventricular volume is constant

Ventricular filling

• • The AV valves open and blood flows from the Atria to the ventricles.
• • Atrial contraction comes AFTER the diastole

Question 5

Order of the wiggers diagram

Answer 5

mid-to-late diastole
systole
early diastole

Question 6

What is systolic Pressure

Answer 6

maximal aortic pressure reached

Question 7

What is the dicrotic notch

Answer 7

When Semilunar valves close at the end, causing a transient increase in aortic pressure

Question 8

(T/F) Atrial contraction comes in the same time with diastole

Answer 8

False
80% of filling occurs before atrial contraction
Atrial contraction comes AFTER diastole

Question 9

(T/F) heart sounds are generated by the snapping shut of heat valves

Answer 9

False

Question 10

What generates heart sounds

Answer 10

They are generated by turbulent blood flow generated from the valve closing.

Question 11

Abnormal heart sounds are called _____

Answer 11

murmurs

Question 12

What is a stenotic valve

Answer 12

Stenotic valve is when the valve is narrowing. This leads to a high pitched sound or click

Question 13

What is incompetent valve

Answer 13

incompetent valve is when the valve does not close shut properly, leading blood to flow backward

There is a “swoosh” sound in this

Question 14

What is the first heart sound generated

Answer 14

The first heart sound is generated by the closing of AV valves simultaneously

Question 15

Second heart sound generated

Answer 15

generated by the closing of semilunar valves simultaneously

Question 16

What is hypotension and hypertension

Answer 16

Hypotension: blood pressure falls too low and blood flow in unable to overcome opposition of gravity

Hypertension: blood pressure is chronically elevated.

Question 17

The first sound you hear when measuring blood pressure is the _______. the sound is called the ____. When you no longer hear sounds, the pressure is the _____ pressure.

Answer 17

diastolic pressure
Korotkoff sound

Systolic

Question 18

____ is used to measure blood pressure because it is close to aortic pressure.

Answer 18

Brachial artery

Question 19

MAP is used to represent _____. It is estimated with the formula–

Answer 19

driving pressure

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

Question 20

Pulse pressure is the ____. It is calculated by the formula :

Answer 20

measure of strength in pressure wave

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

Question 21

The highest pressure exits in the ____ and ____ as it goes through the circulatory system. This is due to …

Answer 21

arteries
decreases

due to friction and the resistance in the vessesl

Question 22

When drawing blood, a tourniquet used to stop ____ ,

Answer 22

outflow of the low pressure veins.

Question 23

Characteristics of the arteries is that they are ___ and ____.
This causes them to serve as _____ which maintains ______ during ____

Answer 23

stiff and elastic.

pressure reservoir
blood flow during ventricular relaxation

Question 24

As arteries divide into smaller and smaller arteries, the characteristics change and become _______ and ____

Answer 24

less elastic and more muscular

Question 25

The walls of arterioles have several layers of _____ that can contract and relax to control ____ under the influence of chemical signals.

Answer 25

smooth muscle

blood flow

Question 26

Systemic veins have _______ characteristics and serve as a _____

Answer 26

thin layers that can hold a lot of blood.
It is high in compliance

volume reservoir

Question 27

What is cardiac output

Formula is

Answer 27

The amount of blood pumped out each ventricle in 1 minute

heart rate * Stroke volume

Question 28

Cardiac output is ___ for each side of the heart

Answer 28

Same

Question 29

Ventricular myocardium is regulated by the ____ NS

Answer 29

sympathetic

Question 30

change in blood pressure is detected by the ____ and ___

Answer 30

carotid and aortic baroreceptors

Question 31

In response to the carotid and aortic baroreceptors, the _____ intergrates sensory input and initiates response in teh ____ and ___

Answer 31

Cardiac output

total pressure resistance

Question 32

Heart Rate is controlled by _____ control

Answer 32

antagonistic