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BIOL 336 > Renal Physiology I ( Lecture 50 - 53 ) > Flashcards

Renal Physiology I ( Lecture 50 - 53 ) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the balance concept

A

input = output

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2
Q

What are the 5 functions of the kidney

A
  1. Regulation of water, inorganic ions balance, and acid base balance
  2. Removal of metabolic waste product from the blood and excretion in the urine
  3. Removal of foreign chemical from the blood and their excretion in the urine
  4. Gluconeogenesis
  5. Production of hormones / enzymes
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3
Q

Explain the first 3 functions of the kidney

A
  1. Regulation of water, inorganic ion balance, and acid base balance is the MAJOR renal function of the kidney. It is done through excreting water and inorganic electrolytes in amounts sufficient to reach homeostasis
  2. Metabolic waste includes urea from protein, uric acid from nucleotides, and end products of hemoglobin breakdown
  3. Examples of foreign chemical substance include saccharin and benzoate
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4
Q

Explain Gluconegenesis

A

The generation of glucose from AA and other precursors, which is then released into the blood. Most glucoeogenesis happens in the blood, however, during fasting kidneys can supple ~20% as much glucose as the liver.

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5
Q

Explain the production of hormones and enzymes

A
  1. Erythropoietin – this controls the erythrocyte production which is related to RBC production in the bone marrow
  2. Renin – an enzymes that controls the formation of angiotensin which can influence blood pressure and sodium balance
  3. 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D, which is made in the kidneys can influence calcium production
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6
Q

(T/F) kidneys can only process blood by removing substances

A

False

A lot of times kidneys remove substance, however, in a few cases, there can also be adding of substance

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7
Q

The ____ are the site of urine formation

A

kidneys

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8
Q

The kidneys are paired organs that like outside the ______ cavity in the ______. One one each side of the ______.

A

abdominal (peritoneal)
posterior abdominal wall
vertebral column

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9
Q

What is the function or ureters

A

Carry urine from kidneys to bladder

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10
Q

function of bladder

A

stores urine until voided from body

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11
Q

function of urethra

A

carries urine from bladder to outside of the body

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12
Q

2 major regions revealed from bisection of a kidney

A

inner renal medula

outer renal cortex

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13
Q

Kidneys receive ______ of cardiac output. This shows that one of the traits critical to renal function is _____.

A

20-25%

high rate of blood flow

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14
Q

Blood flow in the kidney is supplied by the _____ and _____. Function ?

A

renal arteries and veins

Renal arteries branch off the abdominal aorta and supply blood to the kidnesy

Renal veins carry blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava

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15
Q

What are nephrons

A

Nephrons are located at the renal cortex and is the basic structural and function unit of the kidney that acts to filter blood.

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons in the kidney

A

cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

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17
Q

compare and contrast the 2 types of nephrons in the kidney

A

Both cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons produce urine

Cortical nephrons contain 80 - 85% of nephrons. They have a short loop of henle

Juxtamedullary nephrons have a long loop of henle which extends to the medulla. Only about 15% of nephrons are in this category and they maintain an osmotic gradient that is required to produce concentrated urine.

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18
Q

The _____ is the site of ultrafiltration.

A

outer renal cortex

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19
Q

Each kidney has about _____ nephrons

A

1 million

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20
Q

(T/F) Both types of nephrons help maintain osmotic gradient

A

False
Although both types of nephrons produce urine. Only the juxtamedullary nephrons helps maintain osmotic gradient which is essential for urine production.

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21
Q

What is the renal corpuscle

A

The renal corpuscle is the site of initial filtration site responsible for urine formation.

The separation of a cell and protein-free filtrate from plasma

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22
Q

The renal corpuscle consists of what two compartments.

What are their functions ?

A

Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

The glomerulus is the compact region of interconnected capillaries that act as a network of filtration

The bowman’s capsule is the outer area of the glomerulus that receives filtrate and inflows into the renal tubules. It is like a balloon, fluid-filled capsule

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23
Q

Explain the 3 layers of filtration barrier within the renal corpuscle

A
  1. There is the capillary endothelium of the glomerular capillaries. It has large holes / windows called fenestrae.
  2. Above that, there is the basement membrane that is a gel-liked acellular meshwork filled with glycoproteins and proteoglycans.
  3. Resting on the basement membrane is the capsular epithelial cells called podocytes. These podocytes extend foot process to the basement membrane and intertwine with them.

Filtration slits are present between foot adjacent foot processes which allows filtrates to travel through the bowman’s space once they are through the capillary endothelial cells and basement membrane.

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24
Q

Explain the process from the bowman’s capsule to the renal pelvis

A

Filtered fluid enters the proximal tubule from the bowman’s capsule into the loop of henle. Throughout the length, the tubule is made of a single layer of epithelial cells resting on the basement membrane.

The structural characteristics of the tubules vary from section to section but one common characteristic is the tight junctions from adjacent cells.

From the Bowman capsule, each nephron is separated from each other. This separation ends when it reaches the renal pelvis and merges.

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25
Q

Each nephron has ____ arteriole(s) and ____ sets of capillaries

A

2 arterioles and 2 sets of capillaries.

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26
Q

Explain the blood flow including keywords arteriole

efferent arteriole 
peritubular capillaries 
veins 
afferent arterioles 
glomerular capillaries
A
  1. Blood enters the glomerular capillaries from the afferent arterioles.
  2. They combine to another set of arterioles called the efferent arterioles.
  3. The efferent arterioles of the CORTICAL nephron subdivides into peritubular capillaries which is profusely distributed in the tubules.
  4. The peritubular capillaries then rejoin to form veins that leave the kidneys.
27
Q

What are the peritubular capillaries

A

The peritubular capillaries are “divided” capillaries that branch from the efferent arterioles. They are distributed within the tubules and join together to form veins.

28
Q

The arrangement of the blood vessels in the nephron allows fluid to be filtered out of the blood at _______ and ________ at the ________.

A

glomerular capillaries
reabsorbed
peritubular capillaries

29
Q

The ______ are the only capillaries of the body that are the only capillaries in the body that are _______, which are the _______ .

This trait allows _______ pressure in the capillary bed to be very ______ and it ________ into the ______.

Most of the filtrate is ______ in the _____ and returns to the blood through the ______.

A

glomerular capillaries / fed and drained by an arteriole / afferent and efferent arterioles

blood pressure / high / forces fluid and solutes out of the blood into the Bowman’s capsule

reabsorbed // renal tubule cells/ peritubular capillaries

30
Q

What gives rise to the looping vasa recta

A

efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary nephrons

31
Q

What is the vasa recta and its significance

A

They are the peritubular capillaries that dip into the medula and go back to the cortex which forms hairpin loops. This is significant as the hairpin structure is important for concentrated urine.

32
Q

What is fenestrae

A

These are the “windows” located at the capillary endothelium.

33
Q

(T/F) Structure of the epithelial cells of renal tubules vary.

A

True.

Structures may vary segment to segment but all have tight junctions between adjacent cells

34
Q

From the renal pelvis, what happens to urine

A

Urine flows from the ureters to the bladder.

35
Q

Name the sequence form Bowman’s capsule to renal pelvis (6)

A 
Bowman's capsule 
proximal tubule 
loop of henle 
distal tubule 
collecting duct 
renal pelvis
36
Q

The urinary excretion of a substance depends on its ____, ____, and _____

Explain

A

filtration/ reabsorption / secretion

A. Glomerular filtration : filtration from the glomerulus to the bowman’s capsule

B. Reabsorption: from the tubules to the interstitial fluid outside of the tubules and enter the peritubular capillaries

C. Secretion: From the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubules. Substances excreted to urine from body.

D. Excretion: From the tubules out of the body (urine)

37
Q

Glomerular filtration is a ______ (active / passive) process in which ________ force the fluids and solutes through the membrane

A

passive

hydrostatic

38
Q

Why are the glomeruli in the kidney a more efficient filter that other capillary beds

A

They have a larger surface area and are very permeable to water and solutes

There is a higher glomerular pressure (~ 55mm Hg) therefore produce 180L per day vs 3-4 L per day from other capillary beds. There are Starling forces of osmotic and hydrostatic across the glomerular capillary.

39
Q

Filtration across the glomerular capillaries is determined by _______.

A

opposing Starling forces

40
Q

Starling forces that favor glomerular filtration are

A

Glomerular capillary hydrostatic Pressure (PGC)
– it is higher due to the resistant of efferent arterioles
– 60 mm Hg
Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure ( Pi BC)
– 00 mm Hg
– It is low due to the lack of protein in the filtrate

41
Q

Starling forces that oppose filtration at the glomerulus are

A

Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure ( PI GC)

    • 29 mm Hg
    • It is higher that more capillary beds due to the plasma proteins in the smaller volume of plasma

Bowman’s capsule of hydrostatic pressure (P BC)

    • 15 mm Hg
    • it is relatively high compared to systemic capillaries doe the the large volume of filtrate in an closed space
42
Q

The net glomerular filtration pressure is __

A

16 mm Hg

43
Q

(T/F) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can not be changed

A

False

It is subject to physiological change and can be changed through hormones and and neural input

44
Q

Constriction of efferent arterioles causes ______

Name location/ change in pressure / and change in GFR

A

increase in hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
This causes an increase in GFR

45
Q

Constriction of afferent arterioles causes _____

Name location/ change in pressure / and change in GFR

A

decrease in hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries

A decrease in GFR

46
Q

Filtered quantities of a substance are usually ______ amounts of substance in the body. ex?

A

larger

body contains 40 L of water but filters 180 L of water

47
Q

Reabsorption of waste product, such as _____, is relatively ____, so that ______

A

urea
incomplete
excreted to the urine

48
Q

Reabsorption of most useful plasma components are relatively _______. Ex?

A

complete

water and glucose

49
Q

Reabsorbed substances have to pass through ____ (#) barriers, which are ___

A

2
tubule epithelium and capillary endothelium

goes fro epithelial cell linings in the tubules and has to pass through tight junctions. At last needs to cross capillary endothelium

50
Q

(T/F) Transport for reabsorption can only be active

A

false

it can be both active and passive ( with or without ATP )

51
Q

What is tubular secretion important for

A
  1. disposing of drugs and drug metabolites
  2. eliminating undesired process
  3. remove excess K+
  4. controlling blood pH
52
Q

Under normal conditions losses of salt and water ______. This is the result of _______

A

equals gains

This is the result of urinary loss regulation

53
Q

2 generalizations of NA and water reabsorption

A
  1. Na reabsorption is an active process that occurs in all tubular segments except the descending limb of the Loop of Henle.
  2. Water reabsorption is by osmosis and is dependent upon Na+ reabsorption
54
Q

(T/F) Na+ reabsorption is a passive process

A

FALSE

it is an active process

55
Q

(T/F) Water reabsorption by osmosis is independent

A

False

it is dependent upon Na+ reabsorption

56
Q

Na+ is ______ transported across the ______ of the ________ establishing an osmotic gradient for water reabsorption

Explain

A

actively
basolateral membrane
renal tubule cells

Active transport of Na out of the renal tubule epithelial cells keeps the intracellular Na+ concentration to be lower than the renal tubule fluid.

This forms a concentration gradient causing movement of the Na+ from the lumen of the renal tubule into the renal tubule epithelial cells

57
Q

Explain the cellular mechanisms of water and urea reabsorption

A

The active reabsorption of Na+ and other solutes creates an osmotic gradient , which leads water to follow the solutes

The reabsorption of water creates a concentration gradient for permeating solutes such as urea to move from the tubular fluid into the plasma in the peritubular capillaries

58
Q

Water permeability varies from tubular segments which depends on _______

A

Aquaporins (water channels)

59
Q

AQP are highly expressed in the ______ of the ______ , which results in _________ (sth to do with permeability)

This results in …

A

proximal tubule of the nephron
high water permeability

This results in water to be reabsorbed almost as rapidly as Na+

60
Q

Which tubular segments have water permeability under physiological control

A

cortical and medulla collecting ducts

61
Q

Peptide hormone ______ or (…) is released from the ______ and stimulates the insertion of _______ into the membranes of the renal tubular cells in a ______ manner.

A

Vasopressin (ADH)
posterior pituitary gland
Aquaporin (AQP2) water channels
PKA-dependent

62
Q

AQP2 is absent in the _______ unless ______ is active

A

collecting duct

Vasopressin

63
Q

Which segment does Na reabsorption not occur in

A

descending limb of the loop of Henle

64
Q

A large volume of dilute urine is produced when

A

plasma vasopressin is concentration is low which hence causes water reabsorption by the collecting ducts to be low.

BIOL 336 (10 decks)

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