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BIOL 336 > Neurobiology III ( Lecture 21 - 23) > Flashcards

Neurobiology III ( Lecture 21 - 23) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the PNS in charge of

A

transmitting signals from the CNS to effector parts of the body

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2
Q

Branch out the PNS and name their functions

A

PNS

  • — Somatic
  • ——- Skeletal system
  • — autonomic
  • ——- Sympathetic (excitement or activity)
  • ——- Parasympathetic ( resting )
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3
Q

Cell bodies of somatic neurons are located at the ______

A

spinal cord

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4
Q

(T/F) somatic motor neurons (myelinated) leave the CNS and pass other synapses to skeletal muscles

A

False

Somatic Motor Neurons leave the CNS and pass without any synapses to skeletal muscles

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5
Q

Somatic Motor Neurons release the neurotransmitter _____

A

Ach ( Acetylcholine)

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6
Q

Excitation of motor neurons leads to _______ of skeletal muscles ONLY

A

contraction.

In order to cause relaxation, inhibition of motor neurons are needed in the spinal cord

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7
Q

The Autonomic NS is made up of _____ (#) neurons in series that connect the _____ and ______ cells.

A

two

CNS and effector cells

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8
Q

The first and second neuron bodies of the autonomic neurons are located at ? (1) (2)

A

(1) CNS

(2) autonomic ganglion

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9
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released between pre and postganglionic neurons

A

ACh

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10
Q

(T/F) the signal from postganglionic fiber sent to effectors can only be excitatory

A

False. Signals from the postganglionic fiber to the effectors can be both excitatory and inhibitory

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11
Q

What neurotransmitter is released between postganglionic neurons and target?

A

This differs between the parasympathetic and sympathetic system

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12
Q

What is Dual innervation ?

A

both the parasympathetic and sympathetic system innervate most organs

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13
Q

What is the sympathetic NS responsible for

A

it is responsible for fight or flight / excitation & physical activities

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14
Q

What is the parasympathetic NS responsible for

A

responsible for rest & digest. // stimulates digestion and slows down cardiac heart rate

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15
Q

(T/F) Neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions leave the CNS the same level.

A

False. They leave at different levels

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16
Q

What region does the sympathetic fibers exit the CNS

A

The sympathetic fibers leave the CNS at the lumbar and thoracic regions

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17
Q

What region does the parasympathetic fibers exit the CNS

A

the parasympathetic fibers leave the CNS at the brainstem and sacral regions

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18
Q

How does the sympathetic fibers leave the CNS (Explain)

A

Sympathetic fibers leave the CNS through the lumbar ad thoracic region.
Sympathetic ganglias lie close to the spinal cord and forms 2 chains of ganglia called the sympathetic trunks

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19
Q

How does the parasympathetic fibers leave the CNS (Explain)

A

Parasympathetic fibers leave the CNS at the brainstem and sacral region.
Parasympathetic ganglions are usually located near organs that the postganglionic neurons can innervate

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20
Q

One important cranial neuron from the parasympathetic NS is the _______. It originates from the _______ and carries about ____% of all parasympathetic fibers.

A

vagus nerve
medulla oblongata
75%

21
Q

The ______ is a modified sympathetic ganglion

A

adrenal medulla

22
Q

Explain the adrenal medulla pathway

A

1) preganglionic sympathetic cord projects from the spinal cord to the adrenal medulla where they synapse
2) The pregonglionic sympathetic cord produces ACh at the on to chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla
3) Chormaffic cells are postganglionic specialized cells that lack axons. Once they are stimulated, the release catecholamines directly into the blood.

23
Q

In the Somatic branch of the PNS, the neurotransmitters released between the somatic motor neuron and effectors is _______

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

24
Q

The neurotransmitter ______ is also used between the pre and postganglionic neurons in both the ________ and _______ branches of the autonomic NS

A

ACh

parasympathetic and sympathetic

25
Q

Neurotransmitter between parasympathetic postganglionic neurons and effects is the _____

A

AcH

26
Q

Neurotransmitter between sympathetic postganglionic neurons and effects are _____ or ________

A

Epinephrine or Norepinephrine

27
Q

What are Agonists

A

molecules that bind to receptors and trigger signaling pathways

28
Q

What are antagonists

A

molecules that bind to receptors but do not trigger signaling pathways

29
Q

The __________ is found in the ______ NS and responds to nicotine found in tobacco products. It is also found between the ______ and _______ in the ______ system.

A

Nicotine ACh-R
Somatic
pre and post ganglionic receptors
Autonomic NS

30
Q

The ______ is found in the autonomic NS and responds to the mushroom poison, muscarine.

A

Muscarinic AChR

31
Q

_______ is a competitive ______ of M-AchR

A

Atropine

antagonist

32
Q

Adrenergic receptors of which many subtypes exist are activated by ________

A

catecholamines

33
Q

Receptor ______ expressed by a target cell determines the cell’s response to a signal
An example would be _____ receptors that are activated by ______.

A

subtypes
Androgenic
catecholamines

34
Q

(T/F) There are cells in the body with no charge

A

False

All cells in the body have a slight charge

35
Q

Within the Intracellular Fluid, _____ is a major cation

A

Potassium (K+)

36
Q

Within the Extracellular Fluid, ______ is a major cation

A

Sodium ( Na+)

37
Q

In the intracellular fluid, ______ and _______ are the major anion

A

phosphate ions and negatively charged proteins

38
Q

In the extracellular fluid, ______ is the major anion

A

Chlorine (Cl-)

39
Q

The intracellular fluid is slightly _______.

A

negative

40
Q

The extracellular fluid is slightly ______

A

positive

41
Q

The 2 compartments exist in a state of _____________

A

electrical disequilibrium

42
Q

What is the Law of Conservation of electrical charges

A

The net amount of electrical charges produced within the cell is 0. The human body is overall electrically neutral

43
Q

(T/F) The phospholipid bilayer of the artificial cell is permeable to ions

A

False

The phospholipid bilayer of artificial cell is not permeable to ions

44
Q

What is an electrical gradient

A

When the electrical net charge between the intracellular and extracellular ion is different

45
Q

What is an concentration gradient

A

When there is one more positive ion outside the cell compared to the inside

46
Q

(T/F) Electrical gradients are measured on an absolute scale

A

False. Electrical gradients are normally measured on a relative scale.

47
Q

Explain the difference between an absolute scale vs relative scale

A

Absolute scale involves the counting the number of ions on either side of the membrane.
Relative scale involves counting the difference in charge between two points.

48
Q

Neurons and muscle cells typically have a resting potential of ____ to _____ mV

A

-40 to -90 mV

BIOL 336 (10 decks)

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