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BIOL 336 > Cardiovascular Physiology I (Lecture 33-36) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology I (Lecture 33-36) Flashcards

1
Q

The three principals that make up the circulatory system are ____

A

the heart
the blood
the blood vessels

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2
Q

Cardiovascular system is impacted by the _____ system, ______ system, and ______

A

nervous
endocrine
kidneys

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3
Q

Blood is made of ______ suspended in _______

A

formed elements / plasma

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4
Q

What is function of plasma

A

carry nutrients, proteins wastes and other molecules being transported around the body

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5
Q

What is bulk flow

A

When all blood constituents are moved through the body together in one direction

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6
Q

What are the leukocytes

A

the WBC. They are the immune system of the blood and contain platelets . They form a thin layer called the “buffy coat”

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7
Q

What are erythrocytes

A

RBS and contain 42- 45% of the hematocrit

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8
Q

Upper chamber of heart is called the ______ , the lower chamber of heart is called the _____

A

Atrium

Ventricles

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9
Q

blood in a health heart flows from the _____ to the _____

A

Atrium to the ventricles

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10
Q

Deoxygenated blood moves from the ____ ventricle into the _______ to the lungs where gases are exchange, and oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the ______

A

right
pulmonary circulation
left atrium

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11
Q

Oxygenated blood is moved from the ______ ventricle to the _________ through all the organs and tissues of the body

A

left

systematic circulation

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12
Q

Blood vessels can be divided into _____ , _____, _____, ____, and _____

A 
veins 
capillaries 
arteries 
arterioles 
venules
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13
Q

The site of gas exchange is at the ______

A

capillaries

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14
Q

Veins carry blood _____.

A

to the heart

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15
Q

Liquids flow down the _____, from regions of ___ pressure to ____ pressure

A

pressure gradient

high pressure to low pressure

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16
Q

High pressure is created within the heart when the heart _____.

A

contracts

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17
Q

The highest pressure is found in the ______ and ______, as they receive blood from the left ventricle

A

aorta and systematic arteries

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18
Q

The lowest pressure is found in the ______ , just before they empty into the _____.

A

vena cavae

right atrium

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19
Q

The ______ the pressure gradient, the greater the fluid flow

A

higher

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20
Q

Flow is _______ to resistance

A

inversely proportional

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21
Q

Resistance of fluid flowing in a tube is in influenced by three components _____, _____, and _____.
This can be calculated by using the ______

A

visocity
radius
length
Poiseuille’s Law

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22
Q

The main variable that affects resistance is the change in _____.

A

Radius

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23
Q

What is Vasoconstriction

A

decrease in blood flow due to decrease in vessel diameter

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24
Q

What is vasodilation

A

increase in blood flow due to increase in vessel diameter

25
Q

The _______ is the outer layer of the heard, and the ______ is the inner layer of the heart.

A

pericardium

epicardium

26
Q

The narrow space between the outer and inner layer of the heart is filled with _______ that serves as a ______.

A

watery fluid

lubricant when the heart moves

27
Q

The wall of the heart is called the _____, and is composed primary of ______ cells

A

myocardium

cardiac

28
Q

Gap junctions within the heart allow _______

A

the heart to travel as one and the cytoplasm to move from 1 myocardium cell to another

29
Q

The left AV valve has ____ flaps and is called the ______

A

two

bicuspid

30
Q

The right AV valve has ___ flaps and is called the ____

A

three
tricuspid
RST

31
Q

What is the purpose of AV valves.

A

Allow blood to flow in one direction.

from the Atria to the vesicles

32
Q

What is the interventricular septum

A

The muscle layer that separates ventricles

33
Q

The pulmonary and aortic valves are also called the ______

A

semilunar valves

34
Q

What are the functions of semi-lunar valves.

A

Allow blood to flow in one direction.

From the ventricles to the pulmonary or aorta

35
Q

The heart valves act in a _________, which means that ____

A

passive manner

they depend on the pressure on them to be open or close

36
Q

During ventricular contraction, AV valves are _____ while _______ are open

A

closed

semilunar valves

37
Q

During ventricular relaxation, AV valves are _____ while SV are ______.

A

open

closed

38
Q

(T/F) Blood being pumped through the heart chambers also exchange nutrients and metabolic end products with the myocardial cells

A

False.

Blood being pumped through the heart chambers do not exchange nutrients and metabolic end products with myocardial cells

39
Q

Myocardial cells receive their blood supply via the _______

A

Coronary arteries

40
Q

what are coronary arteries

A

Coronary arteries usually diffuse into smaller arteries, arterioles capillaries

41
Q

most cardiac veins drain into a single large vein called the _______, which empties into the ______.

A

Coronary sinus

right atrium

42
Q

the initial excitation of one cardiac cell that results an excitation of all cardiac cells are due to ____.

A

Gap junctions

43
Q

The initial depolarization arises from the _____, which is located at the ______ near the entrance of the ______.

A

SA
right atrium
superior vena cava

44
Q

What is the pathway of excitation of the heart. (4)

A
  1. Depolarization of the SA node leads a rapid depolarization of other cardiac cells.
  2. This depolarization spreads rapidly to other cardiac cells which results in the contraction of the atrium almost at the same time
  3. The link between the Atrium and the Ventricle is called the AV node which is located at the base of right atrium. The AV node and the AV bundle form the sole path of electrical conduction between the atrium and the ventricles.
    The action potential spread through the AV node is relatively slow, which allows the atrium to contract completely Depolarization of the AV node transmits down the AV bundle, to the bundle of branches, to the Purkinji fibers, and finally to the myocardial cells.
  4. Action potential then travels to the apex of the ventricles and then spread upward, which allows contraction for blood to flow upward through the pulmonary valves.
45
Q

(T/F) All ion channels express the same types of action potentials

A

False.

Different ion channels have unique combinations of ion channels that express different action potential shapes

46
Q

One characteristic unique to myocardial cell action potential is the _______, this plays the function of ___

A

Long lasting Ca channels.

These allow membrane depolarization to be in a plateau level, which allows time for the heart to relax

47
Q

SA node cells undergo a slow depolarization called the _______.

A

pacemaker potential

48
Q

(T/F) pacemaker potentials do not have resting potentials

A

True. Pacemaker potentials do not have resting potentials

49
Q

What are the steps of the pacemaker potential (2)

A
  1. Pacemaker potentials bring the membrane potential to threshold
  2. They have an unique channel called Funny type channels that conduct an inward Na+ depolorization
50
Q

What happens when the SA node stops working

A

The SA node is the main pacemaker within the heard. When the SA node stops working, another slower pacemaker will make up for it. In a complete blockage, contractions will be slower

51
Q

(T/F) An ECG measures the action potential within the body

A

False. ECG measures the sum of electrical activity. The electrodes measure the potential difference between selected electrodes

52
Q

The three limb electrode is called the ________

A

Einthoven’s triangle

53
Q

Electrical wave going towards positive electrode goes ____ from baseline while towards negative goes ____

A

upwards / downward

54
Q

The three waves in electrical events are the __ , ___, ___ waves

A

P, QRS, T waves

55
Q

What do each waves correspond to

A

P waves correspond to atrium depolarization ( aka atrium excitation.
QRS waves correspond to ventricular depolorization ( aka ventricular excitation)
T Waves correspond to ventricular repolarization ( aka ventricular excitation)

56
Q

What happens to waves when there is an AV blockage

A

AV block means that the action potential signal would not be strong, therefore P waves may occur without initiating the QRS complex.

57
Q

What is the normal heartbeat range

A

60-100 bpm

58
Q

Tachycardia ?

A

Faster than normal heartbeat.

BIOL 336 (10 decks)

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