Cardiovascular Physiology I (Lecture 33-36) Flashcards
The three principals that make up the circulatory system are ____
the heart
the blood
the blood vessels
Cardiovascular system is impacted by the _____ system, ______ system, and ______
nervous
endocrine
kidneys
Blood is made of ______ suspended in _______
formed elements / plasma
What is function of plasma
carry nutrients, proteins wastes and other molecules being transported around the body
What is bulk flow
When all blood constituents are moved through the body together in one direction
What are the leukocytes
the WBC. They are the immune system of the blood and contain platelets . They form a thin layer called the “buffy coat”
What are erythrocytes
RBS and contain 42- 45% of the hematocrit
Upper chamber of heart is called the ______ , the lower chamber of heart is called the _____
Atrium
Ventricles
blood in a health heart flows from the _____ to the _____
Atrium to the ventricles
Deoxygenated blood moves from the ____ ventricle into the _______ to the lungs where gases are exchange, and oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the ______
right
pulmonary circulation
left atrium
Oxygenated blood is moved from the ______ ventricle to the _________ through all the organs and tissues of the body
left
systematic circulation
Blood vessels can be divided into _____ , _____, _____, ____, and _____
veins capillaries arteries arterioles venules
The site of gas exchange is at the ______
capillaries
Veins carry blood _____.
to the heart
Liquids flow down the _____, from regions of ___ pressure to ____ pressure
pressure gradient
high pressure to low pressure
High pressure is created within the heart when the heart _____.
contracts
The highest pressure is found in the ______ and ______, as they receive blood from the left ventricle
aorta and systematic arteries
The lowest pressure is found in the ______ , just before they empty into the _____.
vena cavae
right atrium
The ______ the pressure gradient, the greater the fluid flow
higher
Flow is _______ to resistance
inversely proportional
Resistance of fluid flowing in a tube is in influenced by three components _____, _____, and _____.
This can be calculated by using the ______
visocity
radius
length
Poiseuille’s Law
The main variable that affects resistance is the change in _____.
Radius
What is Vasoconstriction
decrease in blood flow due to decrease in vessel diameter
What is vasodilation
increase in blood flow due to increase in vessel diameter
The _______ is the outer layer of the heard, and the ______ is the inner layer of the heart.
pericardium
epicardium
The narrow space between the outer and inner layer of the heart is filled with _______ that serves as a ______.
watery fluid
lubricant when the heart moves
The wall of the heart is called the _____, and is composed primary of ______ cells
myocardium
cardiac
Gap junctions within the heart allow _______
the heart to travel as one and the cytoplasm to move from 1 myocardium cell to another
The left AV valve has ____ flaps and is called the ______
two
bicuspid
The right AV valve has ___ flaps and is called the ____
three
tricuspid
RST
What is the purpose of AV valves.
Allow blood to flow in one direction.
from the Atria to the vesicles
What is the interventricular septum
The muscle layer that separates ventricles
The pulmonary and aortic valves are also called the ______
semilunar valves
What are the functions of semi-lunar valves.
Allow blood to flow in one direction.
From the ventricles to the pulmonary or aorta
The heart valves act in a _________, which means that ____
passive manner
they depend on the pressure on them to be open or close
During ventricular contraction, AV valves are _____ while _______ are open
closed
semilunar valves
During ventricular relaxation, AV valves are _____ while SV are ______.
open
closed
(T/F) Blood being pumped through the heart chambers also exchange nutrients and metabolic end products with the myocardial cells
False.
Blood being pumped through the heart chambers do not exchange nutrients and metabolic end products with myocardial cells
Myocardial cells receive their blood supply via the _______
Coronary arteries
what are coronary arteries
Coronary arteries usually diffuse into smaller arteries, arterioles capillaries
most cardiac veins drain into a single large vein called the _______, which empties into the ______.
Coronary sinus
right atrium
the initial excitation of one cardiac cell that results an excitation of all cardiac cells are due to ____.
Gap junctions
The initial depolarization arises from the _____, which is located at the ______ near the entrance of the ______.
SA
right atrium
superior vena cava
What is the pathway of excitation of the heart. (4)
- Depolarization of the SA node leads a rapid depolarization of other cardiac cells.
- This depolarization spreads rapidly to other cardiac cells which results in the contraction of the atrium almost at the same time
- The link between the Atrium and the Ventricle is called the AV node which is located at the base of right atrium. The AV node and the AV bundle form the sole path of electrical conduction between the atrium and the ventricles.
The action potential spread through the AV node is relatively slow, which allows the atrium to contract completely Depolarization of the AV node transmits down the AV bundle, to the bundle of branches, to the Purkinji fibers, and finally to the myocardial cells. - Action potential then travels to the apex of the ventricles and then spread upward, which allows contraction for blood to flow upward through the pulmonary valves.
(T/F) All ion channels express the same types of action potentials
False.
Different ion channels have unique combinations of ion channels that express different action potential shapes
One characteristic unique to myocardial cell action potential is the _______, this plays the function of ___
Long lasting Ca channels.
These allow membrane depolarization to be in a plateau level, which allows time for the heart to relax
SA node cells undergo a slow depolarization called the _______.
pacemaker potential
(T/F) pacemaker potentials do not have resting potentials
True. Pacemaker potentials do not have resting potentials
What are the steps of the pacemaker potential (2)
- Pacemaker potentials bring the membrane potential to threshold
- They have an unique channel called Funny type channels that conduct an inward Na+ depolorization
What happens when the SA node stops working
The SA node is the main pacemaker within the heard. When the SA node stops working, another slower pacemaker will make up for it. In a complete blockage, contractions will be slower
(T/F) An ECG measures the action potential within the body
False. ECG measures the sum of electrical activity. The electrodes measure the potential difference between selected electrodes
The three limb electrode is called the ________
Einthoven’s triangle
Electrical wave going towards positive electrode goes ____ from baseline while towards negative goes ____
upwards / downward
The three waves in electrical events are the __ , ___, ___ waves
P, QRS, T waves
What do each waves correspond to
P waves correspond to atrium depolarization ( aka atrium excitation.
QRS waves correspond to ventricular depolorization ( aka ventricular excitation)
T Waves correspond to ventricular repolarization ( aka ventricular excitation)
What happens to waves when there is an AV blockage
AV block means that the action potential signal would not be strong, therefore P waves may occur without initiating the QRS complex.
What is the normal heartbeat range
60-100 bpm
Tachycardia ?
Faster than normal heartbeat.
