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BIOL 336 > Neurobiology II (Lec 18 - 20) > Flashcards

Neurobiology II (Lec 18 - 20) Flashcards

1
Q

The blood brain barrier forms a layer of protection between the ______ and the ________

A

Interstitial fluid and the Blood

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2
Q

What is the function of blood brain barrier

A

isolate body’s main control center from potentially harmful substances

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3
Q

Tight junctions are stimulated by ______ signals which are secreted by ______

A

Paracrine signals // Astrocytes

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4
Q

Function of Tight Junction ?

A

prevent solutes from moving between cells ( present in brain capillaries)

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5
Q

(T/F) Typical capillaries (outside of CNS) have tight junctions

A

False. They have “leaky” capillary walls

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6
Q

How do hydrophobic molecules move across membranes of typical capillaries

A

They diffuse across the membranes of endothelial cells

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7
Q

How do hydrophilic molecules move across membranes of typical capillaries

A

They move through “pores” of the capillary

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8
Q

How do macromolecules ( proteins) move through gaps

A

They are actively transported by transcytosis

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9
Q

Define Transcytosis

A

Endocytosis = into the cell // exocytosis = outside of the cell

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10
Q

_______ molecules can only cross the blood brain barriers using ______ ( within the CNS)

A

Hydrophilic using specific transport proteins

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11
Q

How do hydrophobic molecules move across membranes within the CNS

A

they diffuse across endothelial cells

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12
Q

(T/F) Transcytosis occurs across capillary endothelial cells in the CNS

A

False. There is not transcytosis within the CNS

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13
Q

How do hydrophilic molecules move across capillary walls in the CNS ? What is the structure responsible for this ?

A

They move through active transport with specialized protein carriers since there are tight junctions which eliminates pores

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14
Q

(T/F) Specific transport proteins must be present in order for hydrophilic molecules to pass through capillary walls in the CNS.

A

True.

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15
Q

An example of molecules with no transport protein is ?

A

catecholamine

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16
Q

Glucose is transported by the specific transport protein

A

Glut1

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17
Q

Three main parts of the brain

A

Forebrain, brainstem, cerebellum

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18
Q

Looking at the cerebrum, the left and right hemispheres are separated by the _________ and connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the _______

A

Longitudinal fissure and connected by corpus callosum

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19
Q

The cerebrum consists of left and right ________ as well as a deep ________ under the brain

A

Hemispheres // subcortical nucleui

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20
Q

The cerebral hemispheres consists of the ______

A

Cerebral cortex

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21
Q

The cerebral cortex is made up of the outer shell of _______ and inner layer of ________

A

Gray matter / white matter

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22
Q

Gray matter is composed of _______, while white matter is primarily composed of _________

A

Cell bodies // myelinated fiber tracts

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23
Q

An example of the subcortical nuclei is the ______. They are responsible for ______

A

basal nuclei. They are responsible for modifying movement

24
Q

The cerebral cortex is organized in ____ layers

A

six layers

25
Q

Convolutions called ____ and _____ are present in the cerebral cortex

A

gyrus and sulcus

26
Q

Convolutions allow the brain to have a _________ of cerebral cortex to be accommodated within a give _______

A

greater volume /// given cranial volume

27
Q

(T/F) Sensory information passes through the cortex directly

A

False. Sensory information does not pass through the cortex directly, but acts as an integration center

28
Q

The cerebral cortex can be divided into which 4 areas ?

A

Frontal, Occipital, Temporal, Parietal

29
Q

What is topographical organization

A

Organization according to structure

30
Q

The relative size of body parts on a homunculus corresponds to the _____ devoted to the body part

A

Relative size of cortical area

31
Q

The central core of the forebrain is formed by the _______ which is composed of the ______ and _____

A

Diencephalon, which is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus

32
Q

The ______ is a cluster of cell nuclei

A

thalamus

33
Q

Function of thalamus ?

A

The thalamus relays sensory information directly to the cerebral cortex, except the sense of smell. It filters sensory information therefore is important for directing attention

34
Q

Damage in the thalamus can results in ______, which is _______.

A

Synesthesia. stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to an involuntary experience of the second sensory pathway

35
Q

Function of Hypothalamus ?

A

pathways that form the master command of neural and endocrine coordination

36
Q

Brainstem connects the ______ to the _______ and is composed of the (1)______, (2)-_______, (3)________.

A

Spinal cord to the brain

(1) midbrain (2) pons (3) Medulla oblongata

37
Q

All nerve cells that pass through the _______ , ______ and _______ has to pass through the brainstem

A

Spinal cord, cerebellum, and forebrain

38
Q

An extremely important part of the brainstem that regulates our sleep wake cycles and consciousness is the _______.

A

Reticular Formation

39
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

The cerebellum sits on top of the midbrain and is important for coordinating smooth movements / coordination/ and balance

40
Q

What is the pathway for cerebellum and its relation to other parts of the brain.

A

The cerebellum receives information about movement status from the sensory area of the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. It then transmits the information to the cortex from the thalamus enabling the cortex to modify the movement to be as smooth as possible.

41
Q

The spinal cord is a cylinder of nervous tissue, continuous with the ____________, surrounding by the ___________

A

lower end of the brain, vertebral column

42
Q

The spinal cord (containing cell bodies and gray matter) ends at the level _____ vertebra in adults

A

L2

43
Q

The spinal cord is composed of the inner core of _______ and outer core of _______

A

Gray matter, white matter

44
Q

The spinal cord is divided form superior to inferior into what 5 regions.

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, coccygeal

45
Q

What is the cauda equina? It is also called the ______.

A

the 1/3 end of the spinal cord where no cell bodies are found. It is also called the horse tail.

46
Q

The spinal cord gray matter is composed of ____ and shaped like ______

A

cell bodies (unmylinated) // the letter H

47
Q

Function of the ventral and dorsal horns

A

ventral horns are associated with motor neurons

Doral horns are associated with sensory neurons

48
Q

The spinal cord white matter contains ascending & descending bundles. Function ?

A

Ascending Bundles carry sensory information to the brain (myelinated)
Descending Bundles commands motor neurons ( myelinated)

49
Q

Explain Afferent Fibers

A

Afferent Fibers originate in the periphery and terminate at the dorsal horn.

50
Q

Cell bodies of the afferent fibers are located at the ______

A

Dorsal Root Ganglia

51
Q

Cell bodies of the Efferent neurons are found at the ______

A

Spinal Cord ( ventral horns)

52
Q

Function of Efferent neurons

A

projects axons to the periphery to synapse with effectors

53
Q

What are ventral roots

A

efferent limb of each spinal nerve that conducts motor impulses

54
Q

What are spinal nerves

A

union of dorsal and ventral roots and are found in intervertabal formation

55
Q

What does the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway relay

A

Sensory information to the somatosensory cortex

56
Q

Explain the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

A
  1. When you touch a rose pedal, afferent neurons are activated and enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root. This is called First order neurons.
  2. First order neurons ascend to the end of the dorsal column nuclei in the medulla oblongata and synapse with second -order neurons
  3. Second order neurons pass through the medial lemniscus on the contralateral side and ascend to the thalamus.
  4. Third neurons then transmit the information from the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex.

BIOL 336 (10 decks)

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