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Bio 153 midterm lecture > Respiratory physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is inhalation and exhalation driven by?

A

Pressure gradients

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2
Q

how the is the direction of airflow determined

A

atmospheric vs. intrapulmonary pressure

which is more? which is less? this will decide weather the air leaves the lungs or enters

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3
Q

What is atmospheric pressure

A

pressure exerted by air in the atmosphere

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4
Q

what is atmospheric pressure @ sea level

A

760 mmhg

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5
Q

what is intrapulmonary pressure

A

air pressure in lungs (varies with lung volume)

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6
Q

What is inhalation/inspiration

A

expansion of the thoracic cavity

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7
Q

What happens to the volume and air pressure in lungs during inhalation

A

increased volume

decreased air pressure (-2)

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8
Q

describe intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure during inhalation

A

intrapulmonary < atmospheric

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9
Q

Explain how inhalation is an active process

A

1) external intercostals lift/ contract
(Think bringing air in from external)
2) diaphragm contracts (drops/flattens)
***Since its lower pressure in the lungs, air will move into the lungs

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10
Q

is exhalation passive or active?

A

Well it depends..
Eupnea = passive
hyperpnea = active

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11
Q

what is elastic recoil

A

the elastic connect tissue in the lungs recoiling

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12
Q

explain how hyperpnea exhalation is a active processs

A

1) Internal intercostals contract (depress ribs)
(think air leaving from internal)
2) abs contract (compress)

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13
Q

what is surface tension

A

fluid bonds between pleural membranes - keeps lungs stuck to thoracic wall during ventilation

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14
Q

what is atelectasis

A

lung collaps

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15
Q

what is intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in the pleural cavity

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16
Q

Is intrapleural or intrapulmonary pressure greater?

A

intrapleural < intrapulmonary

-4mmhg difference

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17
Q

details about intrapleural pressure?

A

“Suction” effect due to elastic recoil, ensures that pleural membrane stays couples
-the pressure difference is maintained throughout inhalation and exhalation

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18
Q

what is transpulmonary pressure

A

difference between intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressure (4)

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19
Q

A lung puncture would cause..

A

Pneumothroax (air in intrpleural space & thus collapses)

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20
Q

what are the factors affecting ventilations

A

1) Airway ressitance
2) surface tension
3) Lung compliance

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21
Q

Where is airway resistance highest in?

A

Bronchioles b/c smallest diameter

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22
Q

What does bronchoconstriction do to airway resistance

A

increases it

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23
Q

what are polar bonds (in regards to surface tension)

A

attraction of H2O to H2O

this is what creates surface tension…

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24
Q

What covers the alveolar walls?

A

A thin liquid film (must overcome the polar bonds to expand)

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25
What is surfactant
detergent-like (phospholipids) fluid that reduces ST alveolar are able to expand more easily
26
what makes surfactant
produced by type 2 alveolar septal cells
27
what is IRDS
infant respiratory distress syndrome: caused by inability to make surfactant
28
What is compliance
ease of expansion
29
what is compliance effected by
- amt of surfactant - elasticity of CT - flexibility of ribcage - obesity
30
What would be the effect of bronchitis (Inflammation of the bronchioles)
- mucus would cause increased AR, increase ST | - decreased ventilation
31
What would be the effect of pulmonary fibrosis
- decreased ventilation due to decreased compliance | scar tissue in lungs
32
what would be the effect of arthritis
decreased compliance, decreased ventilation
33
what would be the effect of sarcopenia
degenerative loss of skeletal muscle w/ age | -decreased ventilation, decreased lung capacity
34
what would be the effect of emphysema
destruction of elastic tissue & alveoli of lungs - no effect of compliance - decreased ventilation
35
what is gas exchange
external & internal respiration
36
where is external respiration
occurs in lung
37
where is internal respiration
in tissue
38
what is partial pressure
concentration of a gas as expressed by a % of atmospheric pressure
39
what gases are in the air?
Nitrogen (most) Oxygen, a tiny bit of carbon dioxide
40
what are pressure gradients
drive diffusion in interstitial fluid & blood (will diffuse till equilibrium is established
41
in order for gases to diffuse...
must dissolve in interstitial fluid & blood | will diffuse until equilibrium is established
42
What is alveolar air?
Mixed of inhaled & exhaled air, less O2 than atmospheric air, more CO2 than atmospheric
43
What are the factors effecting gas exchange?
1) Partial pressure gradients 2) Gas solubility 3) respiratory membrane 4) Ventilation profusion coupling
44
What are partial pressure gradients
differences in oxygen and CO2 concentration | drives gas exchange
45
what is gas solubility?
must dissolve in H2O for diffusion to occur. CO2 is 20X more soluble than O2. (O2 and CO2 still diffuse at same rate b/c O2's gradient is much steeper)
46
Layers of the respiratory membrane starting at the alveolus
1) Alveolus 2) alveolar epithelium 3) Fused basement membrane 4) Capillary endothelium 5) Capillary itself w/ RBC's ect.
47
What kind of control is ventilation perfusion coupling?
Local/ intrinsic (not brain)
48
what is ventilation perfusion coupling
regulation of bronchiole & blood vessel diameter to maximize gas exchange
49
What would happen to an alveolus with Hi CO2 and low O2
Vasoconstriction & bronchodilation
50
What would happen to an alveolus with hi O2 and low Co2
vasodilation and bronchoconstriction
51
3 important points about the transport of respiratory gases
- Must be dissolved - they are ions - bound to hemoglobin (in some cases)
52
Is oxygen good at dissolving in plasma?
no.. only 1.5% will dissolve
53
what is hemoglobin called when o2 is blinded to it
oxyhemoglobin
54
Explain cooperative binding & unloading of O2
when hemoglobin tetramer (4fe) binds to 4 o2 = saturated * When 1 o2 binds, 3 more will bind very easily * when 1 o2 detaches, the other 3 will easily unload * **THIS is because the shape of the globin changes and alters the affinity of other globing in the tetramer
55
What are the factors affecting O2 dissociation of from hb
1) Partial pressure 2) Temperature 3) bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) 4) pH
56
What is the main determinant of O2 dissociation
Partial pressure of O2
57
Hi PO2 in lungs....
loads O2 onto hb
58
low PO2 in tissue....
offload O2 from Hb
59
what is roughly the PO2 in tissues
40mmhg
60
what is roughly the PO2 in the lungs
100mmhg
61
Explain how fetal hemoglobin is different
Increased affinity for O2, 2 beta & 2 game globins
62
Increased temperature would cause...
increased dissociation (it's warmer in metabolically active tissues)
63
Increased BPG....
increased O2 dissociation (reduces affinity)
64
what is BPG?
biphosphoglycerate product of glucose metabolism in RBC's and other cells -BPG lvl increases in high altitude -BPG lvl decreases as RBC's age
65
decreased ph....
increased O2 dissociation
66
why does decreased ph cause O2 dissociation?
H+ weakens hb and O2 bond | when you add H+ hemoglobin developed a higher affinity for CO2 instead
67
which way does the dissociation curve shift when ph drops
to the right
68
Explain the 3 ways Co2 is transported in blood
- in plasma (7%) - In carbaminohemoglobin (23%) - In HCO3- bicarbonate ion (70%)
69
carbonic acid equation:
H2O + CO2 -----(Enzyme carbonic anhydrase)---> H2CO3 (Carbonic acid) -------> HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) and H+
70
where is carbonic anhydrase from
found in RBC's, catalyzes reaction
71
What are the 3 controls of ventilation
DRG VRG PRG
72
what part regulates the rate and depth
medulla oblongata
73
what is DRG
dorsal respiratory group in medulla | control of eupnea
74
what is VRG
ventral respiratory group in medulla | controls hyperpnea & establishes rhythm
75
What is PRG
pontine respiratory group in the pons | bpneustic & pneumotoxic enters can modify respiration in response to emotion, pain, temp, arousal etc.
76
what do the resp. centres respond mostly to?
increased CO2
77
the central chemoreceptors in the brain...
detect levels of CO2 by monitoring H+/pH in the CSF | the CSF is poorly buffered because unlike blood it doesn't have many proteins
78
decreased ph....
increased rate and depth of breathing
79
peripheral chemoreceptors purpose?
In the aortic arch & carotid artery | detect CO2, H+, and O2 levels
80
where are stretch receptors & what do they detect
In the lungs, they respond to lung volume
81
What is the breuer hiring reflex
inflation of lungs inhibits inhalation & prolongs exhalation and vice versa
82
What does the cerebral cortex do to control breathing
voluntary control

Bio 153 midterm lecture (9 decks)

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