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Bio 153 midterm lecture > Respiratory physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is inhalation and exhalation driven by?

A

Pressure gradients

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2
Q

how the is the direction of airflow determined

A

atmospheric vs. intrapulmonary pressure

which is more? which is less? this will decide weather the air leaves the lungs or enters

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3
Q

What is atmospheric pressure

A

pressure exerted by air in the atmosphere

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4
Q

what is atmospheric pressure @ sea level

A

760 mmhg

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5
Q

what is intrapulmonary pressure

A

air pressure in lungs (varies with lung volume)

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6
Q

What is inhalation/inspiration

A

expansion of the thoracic cavity

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7
Q

What happens to the volume and air pressure in lungs during inhalation

A

increased volume

decreased air pressure (-2)

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8
Q

describe intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure during inhalation

A

intrapulmonary < atmospheric

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9
Q

Explain how inhalation is an active process

A

1) external intercostals lift/ contract
(Think bringing air in from external)
2) diaphragm contracts (drops/flattens)
***Since its lower pressure in the lungs, air will move into the lungs

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10
Q

is exhalation passive or active?

A

Well it depends..
Eupnea = passive
hyperpnea = active

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11
Q

what is elastic recoil

A

the elastic connect tissue in the lungs recoiling

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12
Q

explain how hyperpnea exhalation is a active processs

A

1) Internal intercostals contract (depress ribs)
(think air leaving from internal)
2) abs contract (compress)

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13
Q

what is surface tension

A

fluid bonds between pleural membranes - keeps lungs stuck to thoracic wall during ventilation

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14
Q

what is atelectasis

A

lung collaps

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15
Q

what is intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in the pleural cavity

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16
Q

Is intrapleural or intrapulmonary pressure greater?

A

intrapleural < intrapulmonary

-4mmhg difference

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17
Q

details about intrapleural pressure?

A

“Suction” effect due to elastic recoil, ensures that pleural membrane stays couples
-the pressure difference is maintained throughout inhalation and exhalation

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18
Q

what is transpulmonary pressure

A

difference between intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressure (4)

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19
Q

A lung puncture would cause..

A

Pneumothroax (air in intrpleural space & thus collapses)

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20
Q

what are the factors affecting ventilations

A

1) Airway ressitance
2) surface tension
3) Lung compliance

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21
Q

Where is airway resistance highest in?

A

Bronchioles b/c smallest diameter

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22
Q

What does bronchoconstriction do to airway resistance

A

increases it

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23
Q

what are polar bonds (in regards to surface tension)

A

attraction of H2O to H2O

this is what creates surface tension…

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24
Q

What covers the alveolar walls?

A

A thin liquid film (must overcome the polar bonds to expand)

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25
Q

What is surfactant

A

detergent-like (phospholipids) fluid
that reduces ST
alveolar are able to expand more easily

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26
Q

what makes surfactant

A

produced by type 2 alveolar septal cells

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27
Q

what is IRDS

A

infant respiratory distress syndrome: caused by inability to make surfactant

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28
Q

What is compliance

A

ease of expansion

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29
Q

what is compliance effected by

A
  • amt of surfactant
  • elasticity of CT
  • flexibility of ribcage
  • obesity
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30
Q

What would be the effect of bronchitis (Inflammation of the bronchioles)

A
  • mucus would cause increased AR, increase ST

- decreased ventilation

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31
Q

What would be the effect of pulmonary fibrosis

A
  • decreased ventilation due to decreased compliance

scar tissue in lungs

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32
Q

what would be the effect of arthritis

A

decreased compliance, decreased ventilation

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33
Q

what would be the effect of sarcopenia

A

degenerative loss of skeletal muscle w/ age

-decreased ventilation, decreased lung capacity

34
Q

what would be the effect of emphysema

A

destruction of elastic tissue & alveoli of lungs

  • no effect of compliance
  • decreased ventilation
35
Q

what is gas exchange

A

external & internal respiration

36
Q

where is external respiration

A

occurs in lung

37
Q

where is internal respiration

A

in tissue

38
Q

what is partial pressure

A

concentration of a gas as expressed by a % of atmospheric pressure

39
Q

what gases are in the air?

A

Nitrogen (most) Oxygen, a tiny bit of carbon dioxide

40
Q

what are pressure gradients

A

drive diffusion in interstitial fluid & blood (will diffuse till equilibrium is established

41
Q

in order for gases to diffuse…

A

must dissolve in interstitial fluid & blood

will diffuse until equilibrium is established

42
Q

What is alveolar air?

A

Mixed of inhaled & exhaled air, less O2 than atmospheric air, more CO2 than atmospheric

43
Q

What are the factors effecting gas exchange?

A

1) Partial pressure gradients
2) Gas solubility
3) respiratory membrane
4) Ventilation profusion coupling

44
Q

What are partial pressure gradients

A

differences in oxygen and CO2 concentration

drives gas exchange

45
Q

what is gas solubility?

A

must dissolve in H2O for diffusion to occur.
CO2 is 20X more soluble than O2.
(O2 and CO2 still diffuse at same rate b/c O2’s gradient is much steeper)

46
Q

Layers of the respiratory membrane starting at the alveolus

A

1) Alveolus
2) alveolar epithelium
3) Fused basement membrane
4) Capillary endothelium
5) Capillary itself w/ RBC’s ect.

47
Q

What kind of control is ventilation perfusion coupling?

A

Local/ intrinsic (not brain)

48
Q

what is ventilation perfusion coupling

A

regulation of bronchiole & blood vessel diameter to maximize gas exchange

49
Q

What would happen to an alveolus with Hi CO2 and low O2

A

Vasoconstriction & bronchodilation

50
Q

What would happen to an alveolus with hi O2 and low Co2

A

vasodilation and bronchoconstriction

51
Q

3 important points about the transport of respiratory gases

A
  • Must be dissolved
  • they are ions
  • bound to hemoglobin (in some cases)
52
Q

Is oxygen good at dissolving in plasma?

A

no.. only 1.5% will dissolve

53
Q

what is hemoglobin called when o2 is blinded to it

A

oxyhemoglobin

54
Q

Explain cooperative binding & unloading of O2

A

when hemoglobin tetramer (4fe) binds to 4 o2 = saturated

  • When 1 o2 binds, 3 more will bind very easily
  • when 1 o2 detaches, the other 3 will easily unload
  • **THIS is because the shape of the globin changes and alters the affinity of other globing in the tetramer
55
Q

What are the factors affecting O2 dissociation of from hb

A

1) Partial pressure
2) Temperature
3) bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
4) pH

56
Q

What is the main determinant of O2 dissociation

A

Partial pressure of O2

57
Q

Hi PO2 in lungs….

A

loads O2 onto hb

58
Q

low PO2 in tissue….

A

offload O2 from Hb

59
Q

what is roughly the PO2 in tissues

A

40mmhg

60
Q

what is roughly the PO2 in the lungs

A

100mmhg

61
Q

Explain how fetal hemoglobin is different

A

Increased affinity for O2, 2 beta & 2 game globins

62
Q

Increased temperature would cause…

A

increased dissociation (it’s warmer in metabolically active tissues)

63
Q

Increased BPG….

A

increased O2 dissociation (reduces affinity)

64
Q

what is BPG?

A

biphosphoglycerate
product of glucose metabolism in RBC’s and other cells
-BPG lvl increases in high altitude
-BPG lvl decreases as RBC’s age

65
Q

decreased ph….

A

increased O2 dissociation

66
Q

why does decreased ph cause O2 dissociation?

A

H+ weakens hb and O2 bond

when you add H+ hemoglobin developed a higher affinity for CO2 instead

67
Q

which way does the dissociation curve shift when ph drops

A

to the right

68
Q

Explain the 3 ways Co2 is transported in blood

A
  • in plasma (7%)
  • In carbaminohemoglobin (23%)
  • In HCO3- bicarbonate ion (70%)
69
Q

carbonic acid equation:

A

H2O + CO2 —–(Enzyme carbonic anhydrase)—> H2CO3 (Carbonic acid) ——-> HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) and H+

70
Q

where is carbonic anhydrase from

A

found in RBC’s, catalyzes reaction

71
Q

What are the 3 controls of ventilation

A

DRG
VRG
PRG

72
Q

what part regulates the rate and depth

A

medulla oblongata

73
Q

what is DRG

A

dorsal respiratory group in medulla

control of eupnea

74
Q

what is VRG

A

ventral respiratory group in medulla

controls hyperpnea & establishes rhythm

75
Q

What is PRG

A

pontine respiratory group in the pons

bpneustic & pneumotoxic enters can modify respiration in response to emotion, pain, temp, arousal etc.

76
Q

what do the resp. centres respond mostly to?

A

increased CO2

77
Q

the central chemoreceptors in the brain…

A

detect levels of CO2 by monitoring H+/pH in the CSF

the CSF is poorly buffered because unlike blood it doesn’t have many proteins

78
Q

decreased ph….

A

increased rate and depth of breathing

79
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors purpose?

A

In the aortic arch & carotid artery

detect CO2, H+, and O2 levels

80
Q

where are stretch receptors & what do they detect

A

In the lungs, they respond to lung volume

81
Q

What is the breuer hiring reflex

A

inflation of lungs inhibits inhalation & prolongs exhalation and vice versa

82
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do to control breathing

A

voluntary control

Bio 153 midterm lecture (9 decks)

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