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Bio 153 midterm lecture > Immune system (INNATE) > Flashcards

Immune system (INNATE) Flashcards

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1
Q

function of immune system

A

defends against infection & disease

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2
Q

What are the two types of immune system

A

1) innate defence system

2) adaptive defensive system

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3
Q

Is the innate system specific or non-specific?

A

nonSpecific

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4
Q

What is the main idea of an innate defence system

A
  • Present at birth
  • always working
  • in place b4 any exposure to pathogens
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5
Q

What are the 4 innate defence systems

A

1) Physical barriers
2) cellular defense
3) chemical defence
4) Inflammation

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6
Q

What is the 1st line on defence

A

Physical barriers

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7
Q

What is the 2nd one of defence

A

Cellular and chemical defenses

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8
Q

What are physical barriers

A

Skin & mucous membranes

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9
Q

What are the 2 things the epithelial membrane does

A

1) Form physical barrier (gap junctions)

2) Produce secretions

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10
Q

What are the 5 antimicrobial secretions?

A

1) Acid
2) Enzymes
3) Mucus
4) Defensins
5) Dermcidin

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11
Q

Where is acid found?

A

Stomach, vagina, skin

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12
Q

What does acid do?

A

Low PH that inhibits bacterial growth

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13
Q

What are the 2 enzymes listed as antimicrobial

A

1) lysozyme

2) proteases

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14
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

In tears/saliva (lyses bacteria)

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15
Q

What do proteases do?

A

digest microorganisms

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16
Q

Where is mucus found?

A

Resp/ digest system

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17
Q

What does mucus do

A

traps microorganisms

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18
Q

What do defensins do?

A

antimicrobial peptides secreted by mucus membranes that inhibit bacteria/ fungal growth

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19
Q

what do dermcidin do?

A

secretions in sweat that are toxic to bacteria

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20
Q

what are the 2 main phagocytes

A

1) macrophages

2) neutrophils

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21
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Derived from monocytes that leave circulations
Free= wander CT
fixed = in organs

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22
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

most abundant in blood & CT

participate in extracellular killing by degranulation

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23
Q

What is intracellular killing?

A
  • *inside cell**

- engulf pathogens by phagocytosis, lysosomal enzymes digest pathogen

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24
Q

what are “toll like receptors”

A

Phagocytes have TLR’s that can recognize pathogen associated molecules on the surface of a pathogen

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25
Q

What is extracellular killing?

A

happens outside of cell

26
Q

What does it mean when neutrophils degranulate

A

the release granules containing toxins

27
Q

what toxins do neutrophils release

A
  • Proteases
  • defensins
  • free radicals
28
Q

What do proteases do

A

they’re a protein digesting enzyme

29
Q

what do defnsins do

A

pierce holes in cells

30
Q

what do free radicals do

A

cause respiratory/ oxidative burst

these are oxidizing chemicals: hydrogen peroxide, bleach

31
Q

What is NET

A

neutrophil extracellular trap, neutrophil dies b/c it releases it’s DNA as a last resort to kill bacteria

32
Q

What are natural killer cells

A

Specific granular lymphocyte that recognizes and attacks abnormal cells

  • this is called immune surveillance
  • they mainly target virus infected/ cancer cells by releasing cytolytic chemicals
33
Q

name 4 steps of natural killer cells

A

1) recognize abnormal cell
2) aim (align golgi apparatus)
3) fire (perforin makes holes, granzymes enter cell)
4) apoptosis (programed cel death)

34
Q

what is normal flora

A

bacteria that normally inhabit epithelial surfaces and protect against pathogens
-increase competition and stimulate defence mechanisms

35
Q

what is the main idea of chemical defences

A

chemicals in circulation in the blood or released by injured/infected cells and leukocytes

36
Q

What are pyrogens

A

chemicals released by phagocytes exposed to pathogens

37
Q

What do pyrogens cause

A

a fever 37.5+++

38
Q

how does a fever effect immune system

A

1) alter temp set point in hypothalamus

2) increase temp. accelerates repair and enhances activity of immune cells

39
Q

what released interferons

A

virus infected cells

40
Q

what do interferons do

A

interfere with viral replication in nearby cells and attract natural killers

41
Q

What is complement

A

a group of plasma proteins, made in the liver, circulate in the blood

42
Q

What does activated complement do

A

complements the action of other immune defence mechanisms

43
Q

What are the 3 complement activation pathways

A

1) Classical pathway
2) alternative pathway
3) lectin pathway

44
Q

What is the classical pathway

A

complement contacts an antigen-antibody complex

45
Q

what is the alternative pathway

A

complement contacts surface of a microbe

46
Q

what is the lectin pathway

A

complement contacts plasma protein lectin bound to sugar mannose on the surface of a pathogen

47
Q

what are the 4 main effects of complement activation

A

1) Enhances phagocytosis
2) Triggers inflamation
3) triggers chemotacis
4) Causes cell lysis

48
Q

how does complement enhance phagocytosis

A

by coating the pathogens to make them tasty

49
Q

how does complement trigger inflammation

A

by causes mast cells to release histamine

50
Q

how does complement trigger chemotaxis

A

creates a chemical trail that attracts leukocytes

51
Q

how does complement trigger cell lysis

A

by forming a membrane attack complex (MAC) creates holes in cell membrane, causing lysis of the cell as water flows in

52
Q

what is inflammation

A

non-specific response triggered by tissue injury, chemical irritation or pathogens

53
Q

4 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

1) redness
2) swellling
3) heat
4) pain

54
Q

3 ways inflammation helps healing

A

1) vasodilation
2) increased capillary permeability
3) attract WBC via chemotaxis

55
Q

An infection/ injury causes basophils/mast cells too…..

A

Release inflammatory mediators

histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, complement proteins

56
Q

How does vasodilation help healing

A

1) Hypermia (increased blood flow)
2) this creates redness & heat
3) this increases nutrients, increases repairs and metabolism and increases WBCS

57
Q

how does capillary permeability help healing

A

1) fluid leakage and WBC escape from blood into CT (Diapedesis)
2) this causes swelling & pain
3) this limits mobility and dilutes harmful substances

58
Q

How does chemotaxis help healing

A

1) attracts wbcs

2) fights pathogens & disposes of damaged cells

59
Q

What is margination

A

leukocytes stick and roll along inside of BC all, attach to selectins, expressed by endothelial cells

60
Q

what is diapedesis

A

WBC escape from blood to CT

61
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

WBC follow them train to find damage/inflammation

62
Q

Explain how the inflammatory chemicals promote healing

A
  • Attract WBC via chemotaxis
  • make endothelium sticky (facilitate margination)
  • increase permeability to facilitate diapedesis

Bio 153 midterm lecture (9 decks)

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