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Bio 153 midterm lecture > Immune system (INNATE) > Flashcards

Immune system (INNATE) Flashcards

1
Q

function of immune system

A

defends against infection & disease

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2
Q

What are the two types of immune system

A

1) innate defence system

2) adaptive defensive system

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3
Q

Is the innate system specific or non-specific?

A

nonSpecific

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4
Q

What is the main idea of an innate defence system

A
  • Present at birth
  • always working
  • in place b4 any exposure to pathogens
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5
Q

What are the 4 innate defence systems

A

1) Physical barriers
2) cellular defense
3) chemical defence
4) Inflammation

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6
Q

What is the 1st line on defence

A

Physical barriers

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7
Q

What is the 2nd one of defence

A

Cellular and chemical defenses

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8
Q

What are physical barriers

A

Skin & mucous membranes

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9
Q

What are the 2 things the epithelial membrane does

A

1) Form physical barrier (gap junctions)

2) Produce secretions

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10
Q

What are the 5 antimicrobial secretions?

A

1) Acid
2) Enzymes
3) Mucus
4) Defensins
5) Dermcidin

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11
Q

Where is acid found?

A

Stomach, vagina, skin

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12
Q

What does acid do?

A

Low PH that inhibits bacterial growth

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13
Q

What are the 2 enzymes listed as antimicrobial

A

1) lysozyme

2) proteases

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14
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

In tears/saliva (lyses bacteria)

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15
Q

What do proteases do?

A

digest microorganisms

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16
Q

Where is mucus found?

A

Resp/ digest system

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17
Q

What does mucus do

A

traps microorganisms

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18
Q

What do defensins do?

A

antimicrobial peptides secreted by mucus membranes that inhibit bacteria/ fungal growth

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19
Q

what do dermcidin do?

A

secretions in sweat that are toxic to bacteria

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20
Q

what are the 2 main phagocytes

A

1) macrophages

2) neutrophils

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21
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Derived from monocytes that leave circulations
Free= wander CT
fixed = in organs

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22
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

most abundant in blood & CT

participate in extracellular killing by degranulation

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23
Q

What is intracellular killing?

A
  • *inside cell**

- engulf pathogens by phagocytosis, lysosomal enzymes digest pathogen

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24
Q

what are “toll like receptors”

A

Phagocytes have TLR’s that can recognize pathogen associated molecules on the surface of a pathogen

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25
What is extracellular killing?
happens outside of cell
26
What does it mean when neutrophils degranulate
the release granules containing toxins
27
what toxins do neutrophils release
- Proteases - defensins - free radicals
28
What do proteases do
they're a protein digesting enzyme
29
what do defnsins do
pierce holes in cells
30
what do free radicals do
cause respiratory/ oxidative burst | these are oxidizing chemicals: hydrogen peroxide, bleach
31
What is NET
neutrophil extracellular trap, neutrophil dies b/c it releases it's DNA as a last resort to kill bacteria
32
What are natural killer cells
Specific granular lymphocyte that recognizes and attacks abnormal cells * this is called immune surveillance - they mainly target virus infected/ cancer cells by releasing cytolytic chemicals
33
name 4 steps of natural killer cells
1) recognize abnormal cell 2) aim (align golgi apparatus) 3) fire (perforin makes holes, granzymes enter cell) 4) apoptosis (programed cel death)
34
what is normal flora
bacteria that normally inhabit epithelial surfaces and protect against pathogens -increase competition and stimulate defence mechanisms
35
what is the main idea of chemical defences
chemicals in circulation in the blood or released by injured/infected cells and leukocytes
36
What are pyrogens
chemicals released by phagocytes exposed to pathogens
37
What do pyrogens cause
a fever 37.5+++
38
how does a fever effect immune system
1) alter temp set point in hypothalamus | 2) increase temp. accelerates repair and enhances activity of immune cells
39
what released interferons
virus infected cells
40
what do interferons do
interfere with viral replication in nearby cells and attract natural killers
41
What is complement
a group of plasma proteins, made in the liver, circulate in the blood
42
What does activated complement do
complements the action of other immune defence mechanisms
43
What are the 3 complement activation pathways
1) Classical pathway 2) alternative pathway 3) lectin pathway
44
What is the classical pathway
complement contacts an antigen-antibody complex
45
what is the alternative pathway
complement contacts surface of a microbe
46
what is the lectin pathway
complement contacts plasma protein lectin bound to sugar mannose on the surface of a pathogen
47
what are the 4 main effects of complement activation
1) Enhances phagocytosis 2) Triggers inflamation 3) triggers chemotacis 4) Causes cell lysis
48
how does complement enhance phagocytosis
by coating the pathogens to make them tasty
49
how does complement trigger inflammation
by causes mast cells to release histamine
50
how does complement trigger chemotaxis
creates a chemical trail that attracts leukocytes
51
how does complement trigger cell lysis
by forming a membrane attack complex (MAC) creates holes in cell membrane, causing lysis of the cell as water flows in
52
what is inflammation
non-specific response triggered by tissue injury, chemical irritation or pathogens
53
4 cardinal signs of inflammation
1) redness 2) swellling 3) heat 4) pain
54
3 ways inflammation helps healing
1) vasodilation 2) increased capillary permeability 3) attract WBC via chemotaxis
55
An infection/ injury causes basophils/mast cells too.....
Release inflammatory mediators | histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, complement proteins
56
How does vasodilation help healing
1) Hypermia (increased blood flow) 2) this creates redness & heat 3) this increases nutrients, increases repairs and metabolism and increases WBCS
57
how does capillary permeability help healing
1) fluid leakage and WBC escape from blood into CT (Diapedesis) 2) this causes swelling & pain 3) this limits mobility and dilutes harmful substances
58
How does chemotaxis help healing
1) attracts wbcs | 2) fights pathogens & disposes of damaged cells
59
What is margination
leukocytes stick and roll along inside of BC all, attach to selectins, expressed by endothelial cells
60
what is diapedesis
WBC escape from blood to CT
61
what is chemotaxis
WBC follow them train to find damage/inflammation
62
Explain how the inflammatory chemicals promote healing
- Attract WBC via chemotaxis - make endothelium sticky (facilitate margination) - increase permeability to facilitate diapedesis

Bio 153 midterm lecture (9 decks)

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