Respiratory Physiology 5

Question 1

how are breathing movement

Answer 1

Breathing movements are not spontaneous

Question 2

What is neural input to ventilation

Answer 2

skeletal muscle which controls breathing require neural input. Neural input can be involuntary and voluntary

Question 3

what helps maintain ventilatory homeostasis

Answer 3

chemo receptive inputs monitor plasma and cerebral spinal fluid composition to maintain ventilatory homeostasis

Question 4

where are the main points for breathing

Answer 4

the central pattern generator is in the brain stem under the hypothamsulus , external environment sensor integration and chemo sensitive input all put input into the brain stem for breathing influences breathing

Question 5

some reponses do not go throigh the central pattern generator

Answer 5

some reponses do not go throigh the central pattern generator: muscle of the respiratory system and chest wall diagram and conducting airways

Question 6

where are all the things

Answer 6

the central pattern generator is in the brain stem under the hypothamsulus , external environment sensor integration and chemo sensitive input all put input into the brain stem for breathing influences breathing

Question 7

dorsal respiratory group

Answer 7

inspiratory control , located within the nucleus tractus slotarius and is dorsal to the VRG , site of sesnory information input , site of central cehmoreceptor input , some premotor neurons

Question 8

what is rostral

Answer 8

rostral - expiration control (Botzinger complex)

Question 9

what is intermediate

Answer 9

intermediate - inspiration control mediated through pre botzinger complex thought to be the respiratory pattern generator

Question 10

what is caudal

Answer 10

caudal - expiration control

Question 11

what is cranial motorneurons are importnat

Answer 11

cranial motorneurons are important for opening / closing glottis affecting upper airways diameter falling nostrils

Question 12

what does motorneurons controlling do

Answer 12

Motorneurons controlling direct muscle of inspiration and expiration are therefore not the only ones active during breathing

Question 13

what is respiratory rhythm generator

Answer 13

respiratory rhythm generator is a network of interneurons that produce a predictable and repetitive motor pattern. it must be activated before expiratory neurons

Question 14

what are the properties of RRG

Answer 14

RRG always active even in the absence of conscious input , transmit in an orderly sequence to respiratory muscle and respond to inputs from other parts of the brain

Question 15

the three phases of breathing cycle

Answer 15

the three phases of breathing cycle inspiration , post inspiration and late expiration

Question 16

the 6 types of neuronal discharge

Answer 16

the 6 types of neuronal discharge is pre I , early I , I , late I , Early E , E

Question 17

what does pre I neuronal event

Answer 17

pre-I neurons inhibit the expiratory neural circuit allowing expiratory muscles relax

Question 18

What does early I neuronal event

Answer 18

Early I neurons inhibit output from entire RRG allowing a refractory period no breathing movement

Question 19

I neurons neuronal event

Answer 19

I neurons ramp fire. As frequency increases so more I neurons contribute. activate motorneuron circuit to inspiratory muscle and inhibit E and Pre-I neural circuits. Inspiratory muscle contract as intensity of I firing increases Exp muscle relaxed

Question 20

Late I neuronal event

Answer 20

Late I neurons feed back to supress I neuronal firing when a peak intensity may involve stretch receptors input. inspiratory muscle relax and lungs begins to deflate due to elastic recoil

Question 21

Early E neuronal event

Answer 21

early E neurons repress all I E neuronal firing. creastes refractory perois at peak inhalation. muscles relax and lung begins to deflate by elastic recoil

Question 22

E neuron neuronal event

Answer 22

E neurons ramp fire. Activate motoneuron circuit to expiratory muscle. major point of conscious input into breathing. Expiratory muscle contract as E firing intensity increases inspiration muscle relaxed

Question 23

peripheral cehmoreceptors

Answer 23

Peripheral chemoreceptors carotid body and aortic bodies along with neuoepithelial bodies

Question 24

how chnage the type of ventilation

Answer 24

how change type of ventilation - during normal breathing can look how the number of action potentials that travel the phrenic nerve which causes diagram to contract and drives inhalation
if there is an increase in tidal volume

Question 25

increase action potential

Answer 25

increase action potentials per burst gives stronger contraction and stronger tidal volume