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BS22001 Human Physiology and Pharmacology > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Gas moves through the airways by

A

Gas moves through the airways by resistance to gas flow and tuberbulence

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2
Q

Why does reistance arise

A

Reistance to gas flow in the lungs due to the one trachea the smallest tube has the greatest airway resistance - due to cumulative resistance is lower (Posieuille Law)

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3
Q

factors determining determining

A

The factors determining resistance : lung volume and branching , bronchiolar smooth muscle tone and density and visoisty of gases

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4
Q

tube raidus does what by muscular contraction

A

decrease

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5
Q

why tube radius decreased by muscualr contraction

A

muscular contraction is by parasympathetic activity, ACh neurotransmission, irritants, decreased alveolar PCO2

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6
Q

what happens to tube raidus to cause relaxation

A

increases

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7
Q

muscular relaxation

A

muscular relaxation is by sympathetic activity, pulmonary stretch , NAdr and Adr

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8
Q

how astham causes resistance

A

when an asthma attack occurs hyper reaxtivity of airway smooth muscle contraction which causes bronchial smooth muscle to thicken

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9
Q

what does the graph for resistance and airway generation show

A

asthma causes the resistance by every airway generation to increase (shift to the right) as convective gas flow in lungs much less efficient

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10
Q

Krough Oyxgen coeffeicent

A

How gas moves at rest - airways by convention - expands and relaxation allows ventrialtion of the lung
Gas enters the airways and penetrates the region of low resistance it travel and hits the point where oxygen is moving at krough oxygen coefficient (molecular diffusion rate through bulk air) so therefore lose the convention affect at the cross ection and after that oxygen gets through diffusion (due to going its own velocity)

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11
Q

how does gas movement by excerise

A

During Excerise convention of the lung increases and ventilation is more vigor allow more convert movement - so there is slow molecular movement into the venous respiratory conduction pathway

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12
Q

how does asthma

A

asthma is moved leftward to molecualr viscoisty so it slow down molecular velocity a lot faster as there is more resistance

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13
Q

how is airway resistance measurement

A

measurement of airway resistance is done by whole body plethysmography

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14
Q

Inspiration and expiration graph

A

During inhalation, airway resistance falls as gas flow and lung volume increase
Resistance to gas flow is dissipated due to branching (poisuelles)
Dynamic lowering tethering of aovlei to one another
As airway resistance decline gas flow into the lung increase

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15
Q

what is the mechanical tethering

A

as the lung expands the increasing tension in alveolar walls pulls conducting airways open

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16
Q

how is the resistance upper airways exhaltion

A

During exhalation the resistance of the upper airways help to keep airways pressure high to maximise gas movement of the aveoli

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17
Q

what happens with resistance during inhaltion

A

Inhalation as gas enters the airways resistance of gas movement is being dispatteded by the branch structure

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18
Q

exhalation loop and inhlation loop

A

Hytersis - largechnage in flow to change in vital capacity
Elastic recoil is putting pressure onto the lung to a point where it ovecomes the upper airway resistance - dynamic compression
After this point gs can move out of the lungs to allow the next inhale

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19
Q

graph for inhalation

A

During an Inspiration
Negative pressure between intrupural pressure and airway pressure
The greatest pressure difference is in the conducting zone
Pressure difference change decreases at the avoleus
By expanding the chest cavity you reduce intrpural pressure
Pulls airway pressure down below atmospheric pressure so gas begins to enter the airways
The main driving force for gas entering the conductive airways
Due to the gradient

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20
Q

end of inspriation

A

End inspiration
Short period after inhalation and before exhlation
Intramural pressure remains more negative than airway pressur due to the tahering of the lung to the chest wall
No movement so it remains the same all the way through

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21
Q

Expiartion

A

Expiration
Lung begins to collapse because of surface tension and elastic recoil
Dynamic compression of the lung
Intrpurla pressure is positive - arises airway pressure of aolvei above atmospheric pressure
Dynamic impression of the avolei that raises airway pressure sufficiently so gas can move out of the airways into the mouth
Airway pressure falls belowintrpural pressure - dynamic pressure avolei across this zone at the point matches the resistance of the conducting airways as it moves out of the branch network of the airways into the trachea

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22
Q

Puffing Expiration

A

Puffing during expiration
Puff lip breathing doing maintain airway pressure high through conducting zone so do not have the fall that is normal in airway pressure
Maximal resistance at their mouth and using dynamic pressure to go up above intrpural pressure through the airways
Producing a dynamic compression to clear the lung of gas

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23
Q

normal reisistant pressure with air flow into lung

A

normal has not much chnage iwht inhaltion and exhlation

24
Q

serve COPD

A

With serve COPD there is a much greater resistance to air flow during exhalation but inflation looks normal

25
Q

Moderate COPD

A

Moderate COPD has more resistance when air flow into or out of the lung

26
Q

time of normal

A

Normal - inhaltion and exhalation are similar amount of time

27
Q

time of moderate COPD

A

Moderate COPD - more time spent on exhaltion and more pressure needed overall

28
Q

time of serve COPD

A

Serve - more time furthmoer spent on exhlaton and more pressure on that

29
Q

What is Buffer Puffer

A

Buffer Puffer - alveoli destruction , reduces surface area, reduced elasicity

30
Q

How to overcome elastic and non elastic resistacne

A

Work = force x distance = pressure x volume

31
Q

Work of Breathing

A

Inspiration - energy input required to overcome elastic component and surface tension
Expriation - energy input to overcome airways and tissue resistance

32
Q

how does panting work

A

Panting - work harder to overcome surface tension and dynamic compression and overcome upper airways. Tidal volume is going to be less painting breathes are shallower

33
Q

Deep Breathing

A

deep breath - bigger tidal volume to more of vital capcity but frequency decreases and elastic recoil of the lung is used mDore and surface tension is dissipated as taking longer to expand the aveoli

34
Q

Embryonic

A

Embryonic: establishes basic lung structure as a template for furthergrowth

35
Q

Pseudoglandualr

A

Pseudoglandular: establishes the branched network of gas conducting airway

36
Q

Canalicular

A

Canalicular : Formation of the blood-gas barrier

37
Q

Saccular

A

Saccular : Formation of the respiratory acinus – the zone of gas exchange

38
Q

Alveolar

A

Alveolar: Formation of the alveolus and high surface area for gas exchange. 5x increase in surface area for 2x increase in lung volume.

39
Q

what is irregular dichotomous braching

A

Irregular DIchotomous branching is the regulated increase in the number of airways at each branch disperses air flow resistance which would otherwise increase with distance into the lung

40
Q

What does irregualr dichotomous branching allow

A

Irregular dichotomous branching allows disperal of gas among terminal airways branches mechanical strain dispersed evenly among units

41
Q

what happens with chloride

A

A chloride gradient drives fluid movement into the airway lumen giving mechanical support for 3D growth. Chlorine accumulates against its electrochemical gradient

42
Q

what is fractual

A

Fractal is a repreated geometric shape repeated at different magnitudes - the repitive shape of airway and blood vessel branches

43
Q

what is conductive zone

A

the conductive zone is the dead space within the lung as it does actively participate in gas exchange

44
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

the respiratory zone is wehre the alvolei is being formed around the airway region and gas exchange occurs

45
Q

What is partial pressure

A

partial pressure tells you the direction of movement of gas
gas moves from high partial pressure to low partial pressure

46
Q

partial pressure rules

A

gas moves down its partial pressure graident
O2 moves from avoleoar to blood
there is a corrections for water vapour

47
Q

how does gas move in the body

A

Becomes hydrated then it mixes down tot he avoleoar gas
From their, it diffuses across the4 blood gas barrier into the pulmonary vein into the heart and around the body then makes it way to mitochondria where it is converted to water in the process of oxidative phopshorylation to generate ATP

48
Q

what is the consequences of airway branching

A

airway branching has two consequences: increases surface area for gas exchange and dissipates resistance to air flow as airway diameter narrow towards the respiratory zone

49
Q

Poiseuille law

A

Poiseuille law is the doubling total airway diameter at each branch generation reduces resistance 16 fold

50
Q

what is bulk flow of gas into the conductive zone driven by

A

The bulk flow of gas into the conductive zone is driven bydifference in net pressure caused by expansion andrelaxation of the chest cavity

51
Q

Gas moves into alveoli

A

Gas moves into alveoli if : alveolar pressure less than atmospheric

52
Q

gas moves out to alveoli

A

gas moves of alveoli if : alveolar pressure greater than atmospheric

53
Q

the alveolar pressure

A

the alveolar pressure is the sum of elastic recoil pressure and pleural pressure

54
Q

how does the lungs move during inspiration

A

During inspiration the external intercostal muscles between the ribcages pulls the structure of the ribcage upwards and outwards

55
Q

how does the lung move during expiration

A

External intercostal muscle - slope oblqieuly between ribs forward and down because the attachment to the lower rib is father forward from the axis of rotation contraction raises the lower rib more than it depresses the upper rib

56
Q

muscles of inspiratory

A

muscle of inspiratiry - diaphgram , external intercostals , accessory muscles

BS22001 Human Physiology and Pharmacology (11 decks)

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