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4 - Med > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 things does airways resistance depend on ?

A
  • airway diameter
  • whether the flow is laminar of turbulent
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2
Q

what 2 factors does poiseuille’s law link ?

A

gives relationship between airway resistance and diameter of airway

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3
Q

what impact does sympathetic innervation have on airway diameter ? via what receptors ? give an example of when this might happen ?

A

SNS innervation => bronchial smooth muscle relaxation (via beta-2-receptors) => increase airway diameter
(like when exercising)

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4
Q

what impact does parasympathetic innervation have on airway diameter ? via what receptors ?

A

PSNS innervation => increase smooth muscle contraction (via muscarinic (M3) receptors => reduce airway diameter

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5
Q

What is radial traction ?

A

elastic fibres surround alveoli pull on walls of small airways => stay open (prevents airway collapse)

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6
Q

what is surfactant and what produces it ?

A

type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant => overcome surface tension => allow alveoli to expand => prevent atelectasis

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7
Q

lung volumes: what is expiratory reserve volume ?

A

extra vol that can expired below tidal vol

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8
Q

how are TLC + RV affect in obstructive lung diseases ? restrictive lung diseases ?

A
  • obstructive: Increases TLC + RV (due to air trapping)
  • restrictive: decreases TLC + RV
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9
Q

lung volumes: what is residual capacity ?

A

vol remaining after maximum expiration

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10
Q

lung volumes: what is functional residual capacity ?

A

volume remaining after quiet expiration

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11
Q

lung volumes: what is inspiratory capacity ?

A

volume breathed in from quiet expiration to max inspiration

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12
Q

what is anatomical dead space ? where ?

A

volume of air that never reaches alveoli so never participates in respiration (trachea => terminal bronchioles)

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13
Q

what is alveolar dead space ?

A

vol of air that reaches alveoli but not involved in resp due to lack of ventilation of perfusion (Like PE)

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14
Q

what lung volumes can spirometry measure ?
what can it not measure ?

A

can measure tidal vol, insp reserve vol, exp reserve col
- no reserve vol

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15
Q

what tests can be used to measure anatomical dead space >

A

nitrogen wash out

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16
Q

what test can be done to measure total lung capacity ?

A

helium dilution study measure total lung capacity

17
Q

spooning on flow col loop would indicate what ?

A

an obstructive disease

18
Q

describe FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC in obstructive disease ?

A
  • FEV1: < 0.8
  • FVC: reduced bit not same degree as FEV1
  • FVC/FEV1: < 0.7
19
Q

describe FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC in restrictive disease ?

A
  • FEV1: < 0.8
  • FVC: < 0.8
  • FEV1/FVC : > 0.7
20
Q

is inspiration an active or passive process ? describe

A

active contraction of muscles
- diaphragm flattens
- external intercostal muscles (elevate the ribs + sternum)

21
Q

is expiration an active or passive process ? describe

A

normal expiration is passive
- relaxation of inspiratory muscles

22
Q

describe active inspiration ? what involved

A

additional contraction of accessory muscles
(scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pec major + minor, serrates anterior, lattismus dorsi)

23
Q

describe active expiration ? what involved ?

A

contraction of anterolateral abdo wall, internal intercostal, innermost intercostal

24
Q

what factors affect rate of diffusion of gas ?

A
  • concentration gradient
  • SA for diffusion
  • length of diffusion pathway
25
Q

describe density and solubility of o2 compared to co2

A

oxygen is a less dense collude that co2 and less soluble (so co2 diffuses faster into liquid)

26
Q

what 2 ways is oxygen transported in blood ? which more common ?

A
  • bound to haemoglobin (99%)
  • dissolved in blood (1%)
27
Q

how many oxygen moves can haemoglobin bind to ?

A

each haemoglobin molecule has 4 subunits so can bind 4 oxygen molecules (=> oxyhemoglobin)

28
Q

what is the Bohr effect ?

A

when H+/pCO2 increases (and pH goes down) => haemoglobin decreases its affinity for O2 => optimise O2 delivery (for aerobic respiration)

29
Q

What is cooperatively in terms of haemoglobin and oxygen ?

A

as more oxy bind to have, it becomes easier for further oxy to bind

30
Q

what is the Mx of carbon monoxide poisoning ?

A

100% oxygen + referral to hyperbaric oxygen treatment

31
Q

what is the main role of CO2 in the body ?

A

to regulate pH of blood (more important than transport CO2 to lungs for exhalation)

32
Q

in what 3 ways is CO2 transported in the blood ?

A
  • carb amino compounds (carried in RBC - CO2 directly bind to AA, helps prevent entering blood and lowering pH)
  • hydrogen carbonate (dissolved in RBC: HCO3- dissolved in plasma as carbonic acid)
  • CO2 dissolved in plama (10%)
33
Q

describe ventilation vs perfusion when upright ? at apex vs at base ?

A

when upright:
- ventilation exceeds perfusion towards apex (V/Q>1)
- perfusion exceeds ventilation towards base (V/Q<1)

34
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors located ? what do they detect changes in ?

A

located carotid sinus and aortic arch
- detect large changes in pO2

35
Q

peripheral chemoreceptor detects reduced O2 - what happens ?

A

low O2 detected => afferent impulse along CN IX + X => increased RR + TV, increased blood flow to brain + kidney (as these are most sensitive to hypoxia)

36
Q

where are central chemoreceptors located ? what do they detect changes in ?

A

located in medulla oblngata
- detect changes in arterial pCO2

37
Q

how does ACEi cause dry cough ?

A

ACEi even activation of bradykinin =? accumulate in resp tract => irritation of C-fibres => hyper stimulation of cough reflex

38
Q

name the two classes of bronchodilators ? how they work

A
  • beta agonist: adrenergic (SNS) => bronchodilation
  • Ache antagonist: anti-cholinergic (PSNS) => blocks bronchoconstriction

4 - Med (12 decks)

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