past paper mistakes Flashcards
what is the HUS triad?
- AKI
- thrombocytopenia
- normocytic anaemia
what blood gas could be seen in congenital adrenal hyperplasia ?
salt losing adrenal crisis (reduced cortisol and aldosterone)
- hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemic metabolic acidosis
which areas in the body are protected from chemotherapeutic agents ? (sanctuary sites) why is this ?
the testes and CNS (due to existence of the blood brain barrier)
what does double bubble sign on AXR indicate ? with what condition is this associated ?
duodenal atresia
- associated with downs syndrome
what are the first rank symptoms of schizophrenia ? (4)
- 3rd person auditory hallucinations and/or thought echo
- passivity phenomenon (believing thought or actions are being controlled day an external force)
- thought alienation (withdrawal, broadcast, insertion)
- delusional perception (assigning a false meaning to a real stimulus)
what is the train of serotonin syndrome ?
- neuromuscular excitability
- autonomic dysfunction (hypo or hypertension)
- altered mental state
what would you expect to find on investigations of neuroleptic malignant syndrome ? (4) what blood gas?
- raised CK (due to muscle rigidity)
- raised WCC
- deranged LFTs
- acute renal failure => abnormal U+Es
- metabolic acidosis
IUGR RF ?
- maternal age of <16 or >35
- low BMI (<18.5)
- pre-pregnancy weight >75kg
compression of which nerve root results in foot drop ?
L5 nerve root compression due to weakness of foot dorsiflexor muscles
what drug is used to improved prognosis in ALS ?
riluzole
what is the definition of orthostatic hypotension ? give the values
- 20 mm Hg or more systolic or 10 mm Hg or more diastolic within three minutes of standing from the supine position or on assuming a head-up position of at least 60 degrees during tilt table testing.
How does NAC work ?
replenishes body stores of glutathione (which is needed to detoxify intermediary product of paracetamol metabolism - NAPQI)
which nail change associated with IDA?
koilonychia
what is the action of aspirin ? what does it act on?
COX-1 inhibitor
what is the action of clopidogrel? what does it act on?
P2Y12 inhibitor
bence jones proteins detected in urine. what condition associated with?
multiple myeloma
explain the metformin rules for surgery ? how does the frequency affect it ?
- OD or BD take as normal
- TDS omit lunchtime dose
what kind of bruising is associated with basal skull fracture ? (2)
- racoon eyes (peri-orbital bruising)
- battles signs (pst-auricular bruising)
what infectious disease is this?
strawberry tongue, facial sparing
scarlet fever
what infectious disease is this?
herald patch followed by additional red macules ?
pityriasis rosea
describe the U+Es in paget’s disease ?
- Calcium/phosphate/PTH normal
- ALP raised
mechanical valves, target INR ? (2)
- mitral: 3.5
- aortic: 3
tear drop poikilocytes on blood film associated with what condition ?
myelofibrosis
otitis media pathogens ? (4) most common ?
- most are bacterial: strep pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza
- viral: RSV, adenovirus
what is given to patient for otitis media ? if penicillin allergy ?
- amoxicillin
- clarithromycin
symptoms of pre-ecclpamsia ? (5) other than headache and visual disturbance
- N+V
- abdo/epigastric pain
- oedema
- reduced urine output
- brisk reflexes
what may you find on blood tests as a result of eclampsia ?
HELLP syndrome
- haemolysis
- elevated liver enzymes
- low platelets
name some side effects of Parkinson’s treatment ? (6)
- dry mouth
- postural hypotension
- psychosis
- dystonia
- chorea
- dyskinesia
what is a seizure ?
transient episode of abnormal electrical activity in the brain
what are the 2 recommended tests from NICE to assess patents at risk of falls ?
- turn 180 test
- timed up and go test
what are the 5 stages to the trans theoretical model ?
- pre-contemplation
- contemplation
- preparation
- action
- maintenance
what are the first rank symptoms of schizophrenia ? (4)
- auditory hallucinations
- thought disorder
- passivity phenomena
- delusional perceptions
syphilis causative organism
treponema pallidum
what is the most common complication of measles ?
otitis media
what are the 4 beliefs individuals must have if they are to change their behaviour according to health belief model ?
- Believe are susceptible to the condition
- believe in serious consequences
- believe taking action reduces susceptibilty
- believe that benefits of action outweigh the costs
what test do you do for infectious mononucleosis ?
monospot antibody test
infectious mononucleosis complications ?
- chronic fatigue syndrome
- splenic rupture (so avoid contact sports)
- encephalitis/meningitis
under what age should HTN be investigated for secondary cause ?
<40
what dose of adrenaline in anaphylaxis ?
500 micrograms
(of 1:1000 concentration / 1 mg/mLconcentration)
what blood test should be performed once patient with anaphylaxis has stabilised ?
serum mast cell tryptase
what is the surgical management of pyloric stenosis ?
laparoscopic pyelomyotomy
which parts of the adrenal make all of these:
- aldosterone
- cortisol
- androgens
- adrenaline
- aldosterone: zona glomerulosa
- cortisol: zona fasciculata
- androgens: zona reticularis
- adrenaline: medulla
what does high vaginal charcoal swab check for ?
- BV
- TV
- candidiasis
- GBS
name the pathogen for these STIs
- gonorrhoea
- chlamydia
- syphillis
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- chlamydia trachomatis
- treponema pallidum
signs of PID ?
- fever
- pelvic pain
- cervical motion tenderness
- deep dyspareunia
- postcoital bleeding
what is the manamgnet of hypercalcaemia ? (2)
- IV normal saline
- IV bisphsophonate
indications for ICU for pneumonia admission
- hypotensive
- CURB 3-5 with comorbidities
- respiaroty or metabolic acidosis
- exhaustion/drowsiness
what is transudate, what exudate ? what values ?
trans is low protein < 30
exudate is high protein > 30
if between 25-30 do lights criteria
how to calculate serum osmolality ?
2 (sodium) + glucose + urea
what is imatinib used for ?
CML chemo
where are the 3 narrowing points of real tract where sones may get stuck ?
- pelvouretierc junction
- crossing the pelvic brim
- vesicouretiric junction
what are the 3 parts to cushings triad ?
- hypertension
- bradycardia
- irregular breathing
what is the classic triad of pyelonephritis ?
- loin/flnak pain
- fever
- nausea and vomiting
