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ANP1105 > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary ventilation?

A

BREATHING! – inspiration + expiration

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2
Q

What is Atmospheric pressure? and number that it is specifically measured by?

A

This is the pressure exerted by air around the body!

= 760 mm Hg sea level

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3
Q

Respiratory pressures are described relative to what?

A

Relative to atmospheric pressure. (Reminder: atmospheric pressure=760 mmHg)

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4
Q

What’s an example of negative respiratory pressure?

A

-4 mm Hg respiratory pressure = 760-4 = 756 mm Hg

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5
Q

What is Intrapulmonary Pressure?

A
  • pressure within the alveoli of lungs
  • rises and falls with breathing but always eventually equalizes with atmosphere
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6
Q

What is intrapleural Pressure?

A

This is the pressure within the pleural cavity
It fluctuates with breathing

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7
Q

When it comes to Intrapleural Pressure is it always a POSITIVE or NEGATIVE pressure?

A

ALWAYS a NEGATIVE pressure

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8
Q

With the Intrapleural pressure what are the 3 factors of interaction?

A
  1. natural tendency of lungs to recoil
  2. surface tension of alveolar fluid
  3. opposed by elasticity of chest wall pulls thorax outwards
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9
Q

What is the net result of intrapleural pressure?

A

Negative intrapleural pressure

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10
Q

Any condition equalizing intrapleural pressure with intrapulmonary pressure causes what?

A

causes immediate lung collapse!

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11
Q

If one lung collapses do both lungs collapse?

A

No! One can collapse while the other may not because of the separation of the pleural cavities

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12
Q

Transpulmonary pressure

A

Intrapulmonary (P_pul) minus intrapleural (P_ip) pressure: (Ppul − Pip) this keeps the lungs from collapsing

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13
Q

What does Pulmonary Ventilation consist of? and what does this mechanical process depend on?

A

It consists of inspiration and expiration.

It depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity

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14
Q

What do volume changes lead to?

A

pressure changes

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15
Q

What do pressure changes lead to?

A

Leads to flow of gases to equalize pressure

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16
Q

What is Quiet Inspiration?

A

Active process involving inspiratory muscles

Explain it!

The action of the diaphragm: it moves inferiorly and flattens out –> increasing in thoracic volume

The action of intercostal muscles: external intercostals contract, rib cage is lifted up and out –> in an increase in thoracic volume

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17
Q

Quiet Expiration

A

normally is passive process
- depends more on elastic recoil of lungs than on muscle contraction
- inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic volume decreases, and lungs recoil
- volume decrease causes intrapulmonary pressure to increase by +1mm Hg
- Ppul > Patm so air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until Ppul = Patm

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18
Q

What are Forced (deep) inspirations?

A

Accessory muscles (neck and chest) raise ribs more; extend back by straightening spine

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19
Q

What is Forced expiration? (2 parts)

A
  1. contract abdominal wall muscles: increase intra-abdominal pressure
  2. depress rib cage using internal intercostal muscles
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20
Q

What are the physical factors influencing Pulmonary ventilation?

A

Airway resistance / alveolar surface tension / lung compliance

21
Q

What is Airway resistance?

A

the change in transpulmonary pressure needed to produce a unit flow of gas through the airways of the lung.

22
Q

Why is airway resistance insignificant in healthy individuals? (3 reasons)

A
  1. airway diameter at beginning are large
  2. airway diameter decreases, the number of branching pathways increases
  3. gas flow stops at terminal bronchioles (diffusion), at this level, resistance is no longer an issue
23
Q

What is the formula for Gas flow?

A

Gas flow = ΔP/R

(P=pressure;R=resistance)

24
Q

What are the 2 neural influences? (3rd bonus)

A
  1. Parasympathetic
  2. Sympathetic

Bonus: disease

25
Q

How does parasympathetic have a neural influence?

A

constricts bronchioles also occurs during acute asthma attack

26
Q

How does sympathetic have a neural influence?

A

dilates bronchioles

27
Q

How does disease have a neural influence?

A

these can be sources of airway resistance

28
Q

What is Alveolar Surface tension?

A

At any gas/liquid boundary, molecules of liquid more strongly attracted to each other than to the gas –> tension at liquid surface

29
Q

Water has a very high surface tension. What does Water have to be IN to cause a collapse?

A

Alveoli

30
Q

What is Surfactant?

A

It is a detergent-like lipoprotein produced by type II cells; it interferes with cohesiveness of water molecules&raquo_space; less energy to overcome surface tension

31
Q

What is Infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A

This is when premature babies produce too little surfactant. They experience this increased surface tension which results in the collapse of alveoli after each breath/alveoli must be re-inflated with every breath

32
Q

What is the treatment for Infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Spraying natural or synthetic surfactant into newborn’s air passages.

Positive pressure devices also help to keep alveoli open between breaths

33
Q

What is Lung Compliance?

A

The ease with which lungs can be distended. The more a lung expands for a given increase in transpulmonary pressure, the greater its compliance

34
Q

What does distensibility mean?

A

The capacity to swell as a result of pressure from the inside.

35
Q

What are the two things that lung compliance depends on?

A
  1. distensibility of lung tissue
  2. alveolar surface tension (reduced by surfactants.)
36
Q

Finish the sentence…

The more a lung expands for a given increase in transpulmonary pressure

A

The greater its compliance

37
Q

Compliance is diminished by any factor that: (3)

A
  1. reduces natural resilience of lungs
  2. increases surface tension of alveolar fluid
  3. impaired flexibility of thoracic cage
38
Q

What is elasticity of lungs important for?

A

Both inspiration and expiration

39
Q

Assessing Ventilation

A
  1. several respiratory volumes can be used to assess respiratory status
  2. can be combined to calculate respiratory capacities, which can give information on person’s respiratory status
40
Q

When are respiratory volumes and capacities usually abnormal?

A

in people with pulmonary disorders

41
Q

What was the original, cumbersome clinical tool used to measure patient’s respiratory volumes

A

SPIROMETER

42
Q

Respiratory volumes involve what four volumes?

A
  1. Tidal volume (TV)
  2. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
  3. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
  4. Residual volume (RV)
43
Q

Tidal volume

A

Amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath

44
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be inspired forcibly after the tidal volume

45
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs after tidal volume

46
Q

Residual volume

A

amount of air that always remains in lungs

47
Q

Respiratory Capacities (4)

A
  1. Inspiratory capacity
  2. Functional residual capacity
  3. Vital capacity
  4. Total lung capacity
48
Q
A

ANP1105 (17 decks)

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