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ANP1105 > Lymphatic system > Flashcards

Lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood in two ways.

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2
Q

What are the two ways that the lymphatic system returns the interstitial fluid back to the blood?

A
  1. Lymphatic vessels
  2. Lymphoid organs and tissues
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3
Q

What are Lymphatic vessels?

A

Elaborate network of drainage vessels
–>they return about 3L of leaked fluid plus plasma proteins to the blood stream

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4
Q

What do Lymphoid organs and tissues do?

A

Provide structural basis of immune system by housing phagocytic cells and lymphocytes
–> these are essential in body to provide defense/resistance to disease

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5
Q

What are Lymphatic Capillaries?

A

Blind-ended vessels that weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries

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6
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries called when they are found in intestinal villi?

A

Lacteals

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7
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries not present?

A

Bones, teeth, and bone marrow and only limited areas (meninges) in the CNS

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8
Q

Are Lymphatic capillaries permeable or not permeable?

A

Very Permeable

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9
Q

Why do lymphatic capillaries have flap-like minivalves?

A

They provide spaces in between loosely attached endothelial cells

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10
Q

What happens when fluid pressure builds up in tissues?

A

Causes EDEMA. This is swelling or puffiness of the tissue right under the skin especially in legs or arms

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11
Q

what is the order of lymphatic vessels from smallest to largest?

A

Lymphatic capillaries–>Collecting lymphatic vessels–>Lymphatic trunks–>Lymphatic ducts

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12
Q

What is the difference between the structure of veins and Lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymphatic vessels
1. Thinner walls, with more internal valves
2. Anastomose more frequently

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13
Q

How are lymphatic trunks formed?

A

formed by union of largest collecting vessels, drain large areas of the body

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14
Q

What are the 5 Lymphatic trunks?
–> labelled from top to bottom

A
  1. Paired jugular trunks
  2. Paired subclavian
  3. Paired bronchomediastinal
  4. Paired lumbar
  5. Single intestinal trunk
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15
Q

Where does lymph go before entering the blood?

A

The lymph nodes

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16
Q

Where can you find lymph nodes?

A

clustered along lymphatic vessels; larger clusters where lymphatic vessels converge (inguinal, axillary, cervical regions)

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17
Q

What do lymph nodes do/are responsible for? (2)

A
  1. filter lymph (macrophages; remove and destroy microorganisms)
  2. activate the immune system
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18
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain from?

A

the right upper limb, right side of the thorax and right halves of the head and neck

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19
Q

Where does the Thoracic duct drain from?

A

The thoracic duct drains the lower extremities, pelvis, abdomen, left side of the thorax, left upper extremity, and left side of the head and neck.

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20
Q

Lymph Transport

A

There’s no pump; same return aids as for veins; plus rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in walls of lymphatic trunks and ducts

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21
Q

What is done for severe local edema?

A

blockage/removal of lymphatics during surgery

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22
Q

How many types of Lymphoid cells are there?

A

TWO TYPES

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23
Q

What are the two types of lymphoid cells?

A
  1. Immune system cells
  2. Supporting lymphoid cell
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24
Q

What are the types of Immune system cells? (3)

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Macrophages
  3. Dendritic cells
25
Q

Lymphocytes (2 types)

A
  1. T-cells – manage immune response; some attack and destroy infected cells
  2. B-cells – produce plasma cells
26
Q

What are Plasma cells?

A

Develop from B lymphocytes (B cells), a type of WBC that is made in the bone marrow

27
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytize foreign substances, can be antigen-presenting cells and help activate T cells

28
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Capture antigens; deliver them to lymph nodes; help activate T cells

29
Q

What is the type of cells in the supporting lymphoid cell?

A

Reticular cells (fibroblast-like) produce reticular fibers called stroma

30
Q

What is the Stroma?

A

A network-like support that acts as scaffolding for immune cells

31
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Includes RETICULAR CT.
- Houses and provides proliferation sites for lymphocytes
- offers SURVEILLANCE vantage points for lymphocytes and macrophages as they filter through the lymph.

32
Q

What are the two main types of lymphoid tissues?

A
  1. Diffuse lymphoid tissue: loose arrangement
  2. Lymphoid follicles (nodules): solid, spherical bodies, tightly packed lymphoid cells
    –>contain germinal centers of proliferating B cells
33
Q

What are the two functional categories that the lymphoid organs are organized into?

A
  1. Primary lymphoid organs
  2. Secondary lymphoid organs
34
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Areas where T and B cells mature - RED BONE MARROW and THYMUS

35
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigen and become activated

  • Like lymph nodes composed of reticular CT
  • ONLY LYMPH NODES filter lymph; other organs have only efferent lymphatics

–> Nodes, spleen, MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) and diffuse lymphoid tissues

36
Q

What are the principal secondary lymphoid organs of the body?

A

Lymph nodes.
–> about 2.5 cm long
–> hundreds of nodes are found throughout the body

37
Q

Cortex?

A

Follicles with germinal centres that contain dividing B cells

38
Q

Medulla?

A

Medullary cords (B and T cells found here) and large lymph sinuses (lymph capillaries)

39
Q

What is the pathway for Lymph throughout the lymphatic vessels?

A
  1. Lymph enters the convex side of the node via afferent lymphatic vessels
  2. Travels through large sub capsular sinus and then into smaller sinuses found throughout the cortex and medulla
  3. Lymph then enters medullary sinuses
  4. Finally exits the concave side of the hilum via efferent lymphatic vessels
40
Q

What is the effect of having more afferent than efferent vessels?

A

Having fewer efferents causes lymph to accumulate in lymph nodes, allowing more time for its cleansing.

It allows for lymphocytes and macrophages to fulfill their immune support functions.

41
Q

Spleen - physical qualities and FUNCTION

A

Largest lymphoid organ! Blood-rich organ about the size of a fist. It is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, just below the stomach

Function:
- site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
- blood cleansing/recycling
- stores blood platelets and monocytes for release into the blood when needed
- may be the site of fetal RBC production

42
Q

What are the two components, histologically, of the spleen?

A
  1. White pulp
    –> site where immune function occurs
  2. Red pulp
    –> site where old blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed
43
Q

What are the possible consequences of our thin capsule, the outer layer of our spleen?

A

Easily ruptured.
By producing weak contraction of the capsule, these cells help to discharge the blood stored within the spleen into the circulation.
- A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency. It can cause life-threatening internal bleeding.

44
Q

Thymus

A
  • bilobed lymphoid organ found in inferior neck
  • T-lymphocytes acquire immunocompetence here
  • Prominent in NEWBORNS
45
Q

What does immunocompetence mean?

A

The immune system is working properly! The body is able to maintain and produce an appropriate immune response when necessary

46
Q

Lymphocyte maturation (T-cells)

A

only lymphoid organ that doesn’t directly fight antigens

47
Q

MALT stands for

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

48
Q

What does MALT do? Responsible for what?

A

Lymphoid tissues in mucous membranes throughout the body

  • Prevents from pathogens trying to enter body
  • Found in: mucosa of respiratory tract, genitourinary organs and digestice tract
49
Q

Where are the largest collections of MALT found? (3)

A
  1. Tonsils
  2. Peyer’s patches
  3. Appendix
50
Q

Tonsils (MALT)

A

This is the simplest lymphoid organs; ring of lymphatic tissue around pharynx; appear as swellings of mucosa

51
Q

What are the four Main parts of the TONSIL and location?

A
  1. Palatine tonsils: oral cavity
  2. Lingual tonsil: base on tongue
  3. Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids): posterior wall of nasopharynx
  4. Tubal tonsils: entry of auditory tubes into pharynx
52
Q

Appendix (MALT)

A
  • offshoot of first part of large intestine
  • Contains a large number of lymphoid intestine
53
Q

Which part of MALT generates “memory” lymphocytes? and what are they?

A

Appendix
Memory lymphocytes can recognize an antigen introduced into the body during a prior infection or vaccination.

54
Q

Peyer’s patches

A
  • clusters of lymphoid follicles in wall of distal portion of small intestine
    –> these are also called aggregated lymphoid nodules.
  • structure is similar to tonsils
55
Q

What is lymphangitis? What is its cause?

A

This is a condition where the lymphatic vessels appear as painful red lines under the skin.

It is caused by the inflammation of larger lymphatic vessels that contain vaso vasora

56
Q

Lymphedema? What are some causes of lymphedema?

A

This is severe localized edema. Severe swelling in one spot of the body.

The causes are–> anything that prevents normal return of lymph to the blood

57
Q

What is vaso vasora?

A

These are defined as vessels of vessels. These are small veins or arteries within large veins or arteries.

58
Q

What is buboes? What causes buboes?

A

It is inflamed, swollen, tender lymph nodes that result when nodes are overwhelmed by what they are trying to destroy. (swollen glands)

In the past was caused by a plague. Also caused by a strong disease.

59
Q

Cancer link to the lymphatic system

A

Lymph nodes (little lumps of tissue) can become secondary cancer sites if metastasizing cancer cells become trapped in node

ANP1105 (17 decks)

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