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ANP1105 > ANP1105 Homeostasis > Flashcards

ANP1105 Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is Homeostasis

A

the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.

REMAIN @ AN EQUILIBRIUM

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2
Q

What two systems play a major role in maintaining homeostasis?

A

Nervous and Endocrine

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3
Q

What do the nervous and endocrine systems use to communicate within the body?

A

Neural electrical impulses or bloodborne hormones, as information carriers

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4
Q

The VARIABLE – of at least three components that work together for homeostasis

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Control Center
  3. Effector
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5
Q

Receptor

A

Senses change (STIMULUS) and sends info (AFFERENT PATHWAY) to the control center

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6
Q

Control Center

A

Determines the SET POINT (normal level) for variable maintenance

and

Receives and analyzes INPUT from RECEPTOR and DETERMINES appropriate response

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7
Q

Effector

A

Receives OUTPUT from Control Center

Provides means for response

Feedback (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus (Positive feedback) allows for regulation within a range/enhances response

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8
Q

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

A
  1. MOST USED feedback mechanism
  2. response REDUCES or SHUTS OFF original stimulus
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9
Q

What is the goal of a negative feedback mechanism?

A

Prevent sudden, sever changes

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10
Q

Examples of stimuli

A

Heat or Cold

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11
Q

What is an example of a negative feedback mechanism

A

Thermoregulation: This is what our bodies do to regulate our temperature

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12
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanism

A

Response ENHANCES or EXAGGERATES the original stimulus, so the output is further stimulated, occurs in the SAME DIRECTION as original response

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13
Q

What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?

A

Blood clotting - add more to spot that is broken (more platelets are added)

Contractions and birth

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14
Q

Homeostatic imbalance

A

A DISTURBANCE of homeostasis

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15
Q

What is a change associated with homeostatic imbalance?

A

Aging!
When control systems become less efficient, there is a greater risk for illness

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16
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

This is a system of motor neurons

  • also called involuntary nervous system or general visceral motor system
  • innervate (supplies) smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands
17
Q

Somatic VS Autonomic

A

Somatic – effects Skeletal muscle, Always stimulatory
Autonomic – effets Smooth muscle, Stimulatory or Inhibitory

18
Q

Somatic - specifics

A

Has a thick, myelinated axon from spinal cord to skeletal muscle; rapid conduction of impulses (no ganglia)

ACh is the NT at effector

19
Q

ANS

A

Has both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic neurons
Has a Two-neuron chain from CNS to effector organs

20
Q

Parasympathetic neuron

A

ACh is the NT
Has a LIGHTLY myelinated preganglionic axon
and a NON-myelinated postganglionic axon

21
Q

Sympathetic neuron

A

LIGHTLY myelinated preganglionic axons, NON-myelinated postganglionic axon
as well as going to blood vessels – produces NE (neon)

22
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

REST and DIGEST (more regulation)
“D” system: digestion, defecation, diuresis

23
Q

Sympathetic division

A

FIGHT or FLIGHT
“E” system: exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment

24
Q

True or false - Visceral organs have dual innervation/counterbalance one another

A

TRUE

25
Q

Give an example of a cooperative interaction

A

regulation of external genitalia during intercourse
PNS: dilation of blood vessels in penis/clitoris
SNS: ejaculation, reflex contraction of females vagina

26
Q

Roles of SNS

A
  1. Thermoregulatory responses to heat
  2. Renin release from kidneys (increases blood pressure)
  3. Metabolic effects (e.g. raises blood glucose levels, increases mental alertness)
27
Q

Anatomical differences between ANS divisions

A
  1. sites or origin or nerves
  2. Relative lengths of pre- and post- ganglionic fibers
  3. locations of ganglia
28
Q

Brain Stem and Spinal Cord Controls

A
  • motor centres in ventro-lateral medulla (eg. heart rate, blood)
  • spinal cord controls defecation and micturition but are subject to conscious override
29
Q

Hypothalamic Controls

A

Hypothalamus = integration centre of ANS

30
Q

Cortical Controls

A

eg: biofeedback to improve management of migraine headaches, stress and cardiac function

31
Q

In the Endocrine system, what are the 5 things it controls and integrate?

A
  1. reproduction
  2. growth and development
  3. maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood
  4. regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
  5. mobilization of body defenses
32
Q

What is the main difference between Endocrine gland vs Exocrine glands

A

Endocrine glands secrete substances directly into the Bloodstream whereas exocrine glands secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface

33
Q

What is a hormone?

A

a chemical substance released into the ECF that regulates the metabolic function of the other cells in the body

ANP1105 (17 decks)

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