Respiratory Pathology Flashcards
Pneumonia
Inflammation + bronchus consolidation
Pneumonitis
Inflammation only
Sx of lobar pneumonia
Fever
Cough
Sx of bronchopneumonia
Asymptomatic
Flu like Sx
Lobar pneumonia pathogen
eg. Strep pneumonia
Strong
Bronchopneumonia pathogens
eg. Influenza and Staph
Weak
Complications of pneumonia
Abscess
Empyema
Fibrosis
Bacteraemic dissemination to other organisms
Pulmonary TB pathogens
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hominis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bovis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hominis
Typical
Human-human spread
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bovis
Atypical
Cattle-human spread
Rare
Types of pulmonary TB
Primary
Secondary
Miliary
Primary pulmonary TB
Acute inflammation Neutrophils can't destroy Macrophage phagocytosis Chronic Granuloma
Secondary pulmonary TB
Re-entry / Immunosuppressed
Recurrence
Miliary pulmonary TB
Primary or Secondary
Weak immune system
Colony formation in lungs + elsewhere
Ix for TB
Acid Fast Bacili (AFB) staining and culture
Raised ESR
Rx of TB
Combination abx for at least 6 months
Disinfecting TB
UV light
Unresponsive to heat or disinfectants
Bronchogenic carcinoma RFs
Smoking
Asbestos
Radiation
Oncogenes
Oncogenes associated with Bronchogenic carcinoma
c-Myc - small cell carcinoma
K-ras - adenocarcinoma
Classification of bronchogenic carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Brochoalveolar carcinoma Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma Neuroendocrine tumours
Metastasis site of brochogenic carcinomas
Bone
Brain
Liver
Adrenals
Cause of BPH
Androgens - DHT
Histology of BPH
Increased glandular and stromal component
Histology of prostate carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Small glandular structures
Lined by single cell layer
Grading system for prostate carcinoma
Gleason’s score
Gleason’s score
Stage A - not palpable
Stage B - Palpable, confined to prostate
Stage C - Extracapsular extension
Stage D - Metastatic
Diagnosis of prostate carcinoma
Raised PSA
PR examination
Imaging
Biopsy
Structural parts of prostate
Inner zone - BPH
Outer zone - carcinoma
Sx of Endometrial adenocarcinoma
Post menopausal bleeding
Endometrial adenocarcinoma RFs
Obesity Nulliparous DM HTN Infertility
Pts who get Endometrial adenocarcinoma
Perimenopausal - oestrogen excess
Elderly - atrophic endometrium
Types of endometrial adenocarcinoma
Simple hyperplasia Complex hyperplasia Atypical complex hyperplasia Carcinoma Endometrial atrophy
Simple hyperplasia
Rounded glands
Complex hyperplasia
Irregular glands
Atypical complex hyperplasia
Increased nucleus:cytoplasmic
Irregular nuclei
FIGO staging of endometrial adenocarcinoma
Stage I – Confined to corpus uteri
Stage II – Invading cervix, not beyond uterus
Stage III – Beyond uterus, not beyond true pelvis
Stage IV – Beyond true pelvis +/-bladder +/- rectum
Types of uterus fibroid
Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Leiomyoma
Benign smooth muscle tumour
Multiple
White-grey
Uniform
Leiomyosarcoma
Malignant smooth muscle tumour
Usually single
Necrosis
Haemorrhage
Sites of ectopic pregnancy
Ovaries
Abdominal cavity
Uterine section of oviducts
Ectopic pregnancy RFs
Previous surgery to oviducts - eg. sterillisation
Chronic salpingitis
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Inflammation of upper genital tract
Ascends from STD
Presentation of ectopic pregnancy
Sudden abdo pain
Severe bleeding
Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy
US
Mx of ectopic pregnancy
Removal or drainage
Male genital tract embryology
Wolfian duct / Mesonephric duct
Female genital tract embryology
Malarian duct / Paramesonephric duct
HPV 16
Cervical cancer
HPV 18
Cervical cancer
HPV 6
Genital warts
HPV 11
Genital warts
Mx of cervical cancer
Large excision of transitional zone
Or hysterectomy
Dyskariosis vs Dysplasia
Individual cells vs Whole tissue
Adenomyosis
Ectopic glandular tissue in myometrium uterus
Sx of Adenomyosis
Dysmenorrhoea
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue outside of uterus
Sx of Endometriosis
Pelvic pain
Infertility
Types of ovarian tumour
Mesothelial cells
Germ cells
Sex cord stroma
Metastases
Ovarian germ cell tumours
Often benign
Testicular germ cell tumours
Often malignant
Dysprunia
Painful intercourse