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MS3 - Histopathology > Respiratory Pathology > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation + bronchus consolidation

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2
Q

Pneumonitis

A

Inflammation only

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3
Q

Sx of lobar pneumonia

A

Fever

Cough

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4
Q

Sx of bronchopneumonia

A

Asymptomatic

Flu like Sx

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5
Q

Lobar pneumonia pathogen

A

eg. Strep pneumonia

Strong

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6
Q

Bronchopneumonia pathogens

A

eg. Influenza and Staph

Weak

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7
Q

Complications of pneumonia

A

Abscess
Empyema
Fibrosis
Bacteraemic dissemination to other organisms

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8
Q

Pulmonary TB pathogens

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hominis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bovis

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9
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hominis

A

Typical

Human-human spread

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10
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bovis

A

Atypical
Cattle-human spread
Rare

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11
Q

Types of pulmonary TB

A

Primary
Secondary
Miliary

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12
Q

Primary pulmonary TB

A 
Acute inflammation
Neutrophils can't destroy
Macrophage phagocytosis
Chronic
Granuloma
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13
Q

Secondary pulmonary TB

A

Re-entry / Immunosuppressed

Recurrence

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14
Q

Miliary pulmonary TB

A

Primary or Secondary
Weak immune system
Colony formation in lungs + elsewhere

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15
Q

Ix for TB

A

Acid Fast Bacili (AFB) staining and culture

Raised ESR

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16
Q

Rx of TB

A

Combination abx for at least 6 months

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17
Q

Disinfecting TB

A

UV light

Unresponsive to heat or disinfectants

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18
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma RFs

A

Smoking
Asbestos
Radiation
Oncogenes

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19
Q

Oncogenes associated with Bronchogenic carcinoma

A

c-Myc - small cell carcinoma

K-ras - adenocarcinoma

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20
Q

Classification of bronchogenic carcinoma

A 
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Brochoalveolar carcinoma
Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma
Neuroendocrine tumours
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21
Q

Metastasis site of brochogenic carcinomas

A

Bone
Brain
Liver
Adrenals

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22
Q

Cause of BPH

A

Androgens - DHT

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23
Q

Histology of BPH

A

Increased glandular and stromal component

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24
Q

Histology of prostate carcinoma

A

Adenocarcinoma
Small glandular structures
Lined by single cell layer

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25
Q

Grading system for prostate carcinoma

A

Gleason’s score

26
Q

Gleason’s score

A

Stage A - not palpable
Stage B - Palpable, confined to prostate
Stage C - Extracapsular extension
Stage D - Metastatic

27
Q

Diagnosis of prostate carcinoma

A

Raised PSA
PR examination
Imaging
Biopsy

28
Q

Structural parts of prostate

A

Inner zone - BPH

Outer zone - carcinoma

29
Q

Sx of Endometrial adenocarcinoma

A

Post menopausal bleeding

30
Q

Endometrial adenocarcinoma RFs

A 
Obesity
Nulliparous
DM
HTN
Infertility
31
Q

Pts who get Endometrial adenocarcinoma

A

Perimenopausal - oestrogen excess

Elderly - atrophic endometrium

32
Q

Types of endometrial adenocarcinoma

A 
Simple hyperplasia
Complex hyperplasia
Atypical complex hyperplasia
Carcinoma
Endometrial atrophy
33
Q

Simple hyperplasia

A

Rounded glands

34
Q

Complex hyperplasia

A

Irregular glands

35
Q

Atypical complex hyperplasia

A

Increased nucleus:cytoplasmic

Irregular nuclei

36
Q

FIGO staging of endometrial adenocarcinoma

A

Stage I – Confined to corpus uteri
Stage II – Invading cervix, not beyond uterus
Stage III – Beyond uterus, not beyond true pelvis
Stage IV – Beyond true pelvis +/-bladder +/- rectum

37
Q

Types of uterus fibroid

A

Leiomyoma

Leiomyosarcoma

38
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Benign smooth muscle tumour
Multiple
White-grey
Uniform

39
Q

Leiomyosarcoma

A

Malignant smooth muscle tumour
Usually single
Necrosis
Haemorrhage

40
Q

Sites of ectopic pregnancy

A

Ovaries
Abdominal cavity
Uterine section of oviducts

41
Q

Ectopic pregnancy RFs

A

Previous surgery to oviducts - eg. sterillisation
Chronic salpingitis
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

42
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A

Inflammation of upper genital tract

Ascends from STD

43
Q

Presentation of ectopic pregnancy

A

Sudden abdo pain

Severe bleeding

44
Q

Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy

45
Q

Mx of ectopic pregnancy

A

Removal or drainage

46
Q

Male genital tract embryology

A

Wolfian duct / Mesonephric duct

47
Q

Female genital tract embryology

A

Malarian duct / Paramesonephric duct

48
Q

HPV 16

A

Cervical cancer

49
Q

HPV 18

A

Cervical cancer

50
Q

HPV 6

A

Genital warts

51
Q

HPV 11

A

Genital warts

52
Q

Mx of cervical cancer

A

Large excision of transitional zone

Or hysterectomy

53
Q

Dyskariosis vs Dysplasia

A

Individual cells vs Whole tissue

54
Q

Adenomyosis

A

Ectopic glandular tissue in myometrium uterus

55
Q

Sx of Adenomyosis

A

Dysmenorrhoea

56
Q

Endometriosis

A

Endometrial tissue outside of uterus

57
Q

Sx of Endometriosis

A

Pelvic pain

Infertility

58
Q

Types of ovarian tumour

A

Mesothelial cells
Germ cells
Sex cord stroma
Metastases

59
Q

Ovarian germ cell tumours

A

Often benign

60
Q

Testicular germ cell tumours

A

Often malignant

61
Q

Dysprunia

A

Painful intercourse

MS3 - Histopathology (9 decks)

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