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MS3 - Histopathology > Respiratory Pathology > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation + bronchus consolidation

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2
Q

Pneumonitis

A

Inflammation only

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3
Q

Sx of lobar pneumonia

A

Fever

Cough

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4
Q

Sx of bronchopneumonia

A

Asymptomatic

Flu like Sx

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5
Q

Lobar pneumonia pathogen

A

eg. Strep pneumonia

Strong

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6
Q

Bronchopneumonia pathogens

A

eg. Influenza and Staph

Weak

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7
Q

Complications of pneumonia

A

Abscess
Empyema
Fibrosis
Bacteraemic dissemination to other organisms

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8
Q

Pulmonary TB pathogens

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hominis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bovis

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9
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hominis

A

Typical

Human-human spread

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10
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bovis

A

Atypical
Cattle-human spread
Rare

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11
Q

Types of pulmonary TB

A

Primary
Secondary
Miliary

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12
Q

Primary pulmonary TB

A 
Acute inflammation
Neutrophils can't destroy
Macrophage phagocytosis
Chronic
Granuloma
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13
Q

Secondary pulmonary TB

A

Re-entry / Immunosuppressed

Recurrence

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14
Q

Miliary pulmonary TB

A

Primary or Secondary
Weak immune system
Colony formation in lungs + elsewhere

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15
Q

Ix for TB

A

Acid Fast Bacili (AFB) staining and culture

Raised ESR

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16
Q

Rx of TB

A

Combination abx for at least 6 months

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17
Q

Disinfecting TB

A

UV light

Unresponsive to heat or disinfectants

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18
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma RFs

A

Smoking
Asbestos
Radiation
Oncogenes

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19
Q

Oncogenes associated with Bronchogenic carcinoma

A

c-Myc - small cell carcinoma

K-ras - adenocarcinoma

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20
Q

Classification of bronchogenic carcinoma

A 
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Brochoalveolar carcinoma
Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma
Neuroendocrine tumours
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21
Q

Metastasis site of brochogenic carcinomas

A

Bone
Brain
Liver
Adrenals

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22
Q

Cause of BPH

A

Androgens - DHT

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23
Q

Histology of BPH

A

Increased glandular and stromal component

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24
Q

Histology of prostate carcinoma

A

Adenocarcinoma
Small glandular structures
Lined by single cell layer

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25
Grading system for prostate carcinoma
Gleason's score
26
Gleason's score
Stage A - not palpable Stage B - Palpable, confined to prostate Stage C - Extracapsular extension Stage D - Metastatic
27
Diagnosis of prostate carcinoma
Raised PSA PR examination Imaging Biopsy
28
Structural parts of prostate
Inner zone - BPH | Outer zone - carcinoma
29
Sx of Endometrial adenocarcinoma
Post menopausal bleeding
30
Endometrial adenocarcinoma RFs
``` Obesity Nulliparous DM HTN Infertility ```
31
Pts who get Endometrial adenocarcinoma
Perimenopausal - oestrogen excess | Elderly - atrophic endometrium
32
Types of endometrial adenocarcinoma
``` Simple hyperplasia Complex hyperplasia Atypical complex hyperplasia Carcinoma Endometrial atrophy ```
33
Simple hyperplasia
Rounded glands
34
Complex hyperplasia
Irregular glands
35
Atypical complex hyperplasia
Increased nucleus:cytoplasmic | Irregular nuclei
36
FIGO staging of endometrial adenocarcinoma
Stage I – Confined to corpus uteri Stage II – Invading cervix, not beyond uterus Stage III – Beyond uterus, not beyond true pelvis Stage IV – Beyond true pelvis +/-bladder +/- rectum
37
Types of uterus fibroid
Leiomyoma | Leiomyosarcoma
38
Leiomyoma
Benign smooth muscle tumour Multiple White-grey Uniform
39
Leiomyosarcoma
Malignant smooth muscle tumour Usually single Necrosis Haemorrhage
40
Sites of ectopic pregnancy
Ovaries Abdominal cavity Uterine section of oviducts
41
Ectopic pregnancy RFs
Previous surgery to oviducts - eg. sterillisation Chronic salpingitis Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
42
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Inflammation of upper genital tract | Ascends from STD
43
Presentation of ectopic pregnancy
Sudden abdo pain | Severe bleeding
44
Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy
US
45
Mx of ectopic pregnancy
Removal or drainage
46
Male genital tract embryology
Wolfian duct / Mesonephric duct
47
Female genital tract embryology
Malarian duct / Paramesonephric duct
48
HPV 16
Cervical cancer
49
HPV 18
Cervical cancer
50
HPV 6
Genital warts
51
HPV 11
Genital warts
52
Mx of cervical cancer
Large excision of transitional zone | Or hysterectomy
53
Dyskariosis vs Dysplasia
Individual cells vs Whole tissue
54
Adenomyosis
Ectopic glandular tissue in myometrium uterus
55
Sx of Adenomyosis
Dysmenorrhoea
56
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue outside of uterus
57
Sx of Endometriosis
Pelvic pain | Infertility
58
Types of ovarian tumour
Mesothelial cells Germ cells Sex cord stroma Metastases
59
Ovarian germ cell tumours
Often benign
60
Testicular germ cell tumours
Often malignant
61
Dysprunia
Painful intercourse

MS3 - Histopathology (9 decks)

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