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MS3 - Histopathology > GI Pathology > Flashcards

GI Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Complications of reflux oesophagitis

A

Stricture
Barrett’s
Neoplasia

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2
Q

Achalasia

A

?Autoimmune
Inflammatory destruction of myenteric ganglion cells - regulate peristalsis
Lower oesophageal sphincter doesn’t open

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3
Q

Long term consequence of achalasia

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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4
Q

Oesophageal infection pathogens

A

Candida
HSV
Trypanosomiasis

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5
Q

Barrett’s oesophagus

A

Replacement of oesophageal lining

Stratified squamous -> glandular mucosa

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6
Q

Aetiology of Barrett’s oesophagus

A

Reflux of gastric acid and duodenal bile

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7
Q

Barrett’s segment

A

Between squamous columnar junction and gastro-oesophageal junction

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8
Q

Oesophageal neoplasia

A

Adenocarcinoma 80%

Squamous cell carcinoma 20%

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9
Q

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma formation

A

Normal squamous
Barrett’s (columnar)
Dysplasia
Adenocarcinoma

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10
Q

Classification of Gastritic

A

ABC

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11
Q

A type gastritis

A

Autoimmune / Atrophic

Chronic atrophic gastritis

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12
Q

B type gastritis

A

Bacterial

Chronic superficial gastritis

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13
Q

C type gastritis

A

Chemical

(Bile) Reflux gastritis / Reactive gastritis

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14
Q

Diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori

A

Gastritis
Peptic ulcer
MALT lymphoma
Carcinoma

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15
Q

Foveal cells

A

Produce mucous
pH = 7
H pylori attaches there
Causes inflammation

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16
Q

Normal gastric pH

A

2

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17
Q

Rx of MALT

A

H pylori eradication
PPI
Abx
+/- bismuth

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18
Q

Types of Gastric neoplasia

A

Adenocarcinoma
Lymphoma
Neuro-endocrine tumour
GIST

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19
Q

GIST

A

Gastrointestinal stromal tumour

Mutation in tyrosine kinase genes (KIT)

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20
Q

Mx of GIST

A

Surgery

+/- TKI inhibitors (eg. imatininb)

21
Q

Coeliac disease

A

Autoimmune
Reaction to gluten
Mx: Gluten free diet

22
Q

Histology in coeliac disease

A

Flat mucosa
Crypt hyperplasia
Lymphocyte infiltration of lamina propria

23
Q

Giardiasis pathogen

A

Giardia lamblia

Faeco-oral

24
Q

Types of neuro endocrine tumour

A

Carcinoid

Small cell carcinoma

25
Q

Crohn’s disease age

A

15-30 yrs

26
Q

Colonoscopy findings in Crohn’s

A

Skip lesions

27
Q

Mx of Crohn’s disease

A
  • 5-Aminosalycilic acid,
  • steroids,
  • immunosuppressive drugs,
  • monoclonal antibodies against TNF-α (Infliximab),
  • surgery
28
Q

UC age group

A

Bimodal
20-50 yrs
60-70 yrs

29
Q

Histology of UC

A

Crypt abscesses

Crypt architectural distortion

30
Q

Complications of UC

A

Toxic megacolon
Perforation
Colon cancer

31
Q

Mx of UC

A
  • 5-ASA,
  • steroids,
  • immunosuppressive drugs,
  • surgery
32
Q

Sx of toxic megacolon

A

High fever
Tachycardia
Diarrhoea

33
Q

Cause of toxic megacolon

A

Paralysis of transverse colon motor function

34
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal growth and differentiation of tissue

Often pre-malignant

35
Q

Colorectal polyp classification

A

Inflammatory
Hamartomatous
Neoplastic
Others

36
Q

Inflammatory pseudopolyps

A

In IBD

Hyperplastic mucosa

37
Q

Hamartoma definition

A

Benign tumour like lesion

2+ differentiated tissue elements

38
Q

Hamartomatous polyp examples

A

Juvenile polyps

Peutz Jegher polyps (PJP)

39
Q

Juvenile polyps

A 
Cystic glands
Normal/inflamed epithelium
SMAD4 mutation
Mean age 8 yrs
PR bleeding
40
Q

Peutz Jegher polyps

A

Pigmentation of oral mucosa, lips, palms, genitalia
Autosomal dominant
Throughout GI tract

41
Q

Complications of PJP

A

Intussusception

Bowel obstruction

42
Q

Polyp cells

A

Mostly epithelial

Some mesenchymal

43
Q

Classification of adenoma polyps (neoplastic polyps)

A

Tubular
Tubulovillous
Villous
Fat/depressed adenoma

44
Q

Hyperplastic polyps

A

Most common in adults
Asymptomatic
> 60 yrs
Usually benign

45
Q

Sessile nodule

A

Hyperplastic polyp < 5 mm

46
Q

Hyperplastic polyps with malignant potential

A

Mixed polyps:
Hyperplasticadenomatous polyps
Serrated adenomas

47
Q

Leimyomatous polyp

A

Muscularis mucosae of rectum, jejunum, ileum

Epigastric pain, anaemia, PR bleeding

48
Q

Colorectal cancer RFs

A

Western diet
Increased fat intake
Reduced stool bulk

MS3 - Histopathology (9 decks)

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