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Pathophysiology > Respiratory Pathology > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is type 1 respiratory failure

A

Failure of oxygen exchange function fie to acute disease of the lungs

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2
Q

What is type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Hypercapnic respiratory failure- high CO2, low O2

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3
Q

Common causes of Type 1 Respiratory failure

A

Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (CHF)

Pneumonia

PE

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4
Q

Common causes of Type 2 Respiratory failure

A

CO2 Retention:
Severe asthma

Chronic Bronchitis

Drug overdose

Neuromuscular disease

Chest wall abnormalities

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5
Q

What is V/Q mismatch?

A

Inbalance between ventilation and perfusion

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6
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Collapsed alveoli

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7
Q

What is respiratory shunt?

A

Venous blood returning to the heart without picking up its normal O2 quota

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8
Q

Causes of shunt

A

Pneumonia

Atelactasis

Severe pulmonary oedema

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9
Q

Cause of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema

A

LVF

Heart valve diseases

Reduced cardiac output

Reduced stroke volume

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10
Q

Signs and Symptoms of pulmonary oedema

A

DIB
Anxiety
Pale Skin
Pink Frothy Sputum
Hpyoxia
Orthopnea
Oedema of ankles later

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11
Q

What is Acute Respiratory distress syndrome

A

Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema

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12
Q

Direct causes of ARDS

A

Pneumonia
Aspiration
Drowning
PE
Trauma
Inhalation injury

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13
Q

Symptoms of pneumonia

A

Cough with green/yellow phlegm
Fever and chills
SOB
Chest pain worse on breathing and coughing

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14
Q

What are the two branches of COPD

A

Chronic Bronchitis

Emphysema

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15
Q

Risk factors of COPD

A

Smoking
Exposure to industrial pollution
Childhood respiratory infections
Genetic- Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
Age

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16
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis

A

Chronic wet cough
SOB
Excess mucus
Wheezing
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea
Pulmonary Hypertension
Low SPO2
CO2 retention

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17
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Emphysema

A

Chronic cough
SOB
Flushed skin
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea
Pursed lips
Barrel Chest
Hypertension
Cachexia

18
Q

Which cells produce mucus

A

Goblet cells

19
Q

Explain the term “blue bloaters” in relation to COPD

A

In chronic bronchitis, restriction of bronchioles leads to CO2 retention in alveoli. CO2 lead up causes cyanosis, and the air trapping gives bloated barrel chest impression

20
Q

Pathology of emphysema

A

Damage to alveolar walls, reduced surface area for gas exchange

21
Q

Define asthma

A

A chronic respiratory disorder which causes episodic airway obstruction

22
Q

What are the two types of asthma?

A

Atopic Asthma (Extrinsic)

No atopic Asthma (Intrinsic)

23
Q

What is the Atopid Triad of Asthma?

A

Childhood

Hayfever

Dermatitis

24
Q

What is Atopic Asthma?

A

Type 1 (IGe Mediated) hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system

25
Q

What is the main difference between Atopic and Nonatopic Asthma?

A

Atopic is an immune response to a known allergen, whereas non atopic is an inflammatory response to an irritant

26
Q

Triggers of Nonatopic Asthma

A

Smoke
stress
NSAIDs
pollution
chemicals

27
Q

Signs and Symptoms of SEVERE asthma

A

Tachycardia
Cyanosis
Reduced Air Entry
Reduced Peak flow
Unable to complete full sentences
Tripoding
Accessory muscle use

28
Q

What are the three severity classifications of asthma episodes

A

Mild

Severe

Life Threatening

29
Q

Signs and symptoms of LIFE THREATENING asthma

A

Silent Chest
Exhaustion
Lack of Respiratory Effort
Hypotension
Reduced GCS
Arrhythmias

30
Q

First line treatments of Acute asthma episode

A

Nebulised salbutamol (5mg Adult/ 2.5mg Paeds)
Ipatropium bromide (500mcg adult)
Hydrocortisone IV/IM 100mg
Supplemental Oxygen
Prednisolone
Rapid evacuation
Adrenaline

31
Q

Pathology of acute atopic asthma

A

Allergen enters the body
IGe released
IGe causes mast cell degranulation of histamine
Disproportionate inflammatory response
Oedema and mucus production

32
Q

Is asthma an example of Type 1 or Type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Type 2- hyercapnic due to CO2 retention

33
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

Excess fluid build up in the lungs interstitial and alveolar spaces

34
Q

Categories of Pulmonary Oedoema

A

Cardiogenic- result of heart disease

Non-cardiogenic- damage to pulmonary capillaries or alveoli
- Local pulmonary infections, Sepsis, low oncotic interstitial space

35
Q

Symptoms of Pulmonary Oed

A
36
Q

Mechanisms of Pulmonary oedema

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure

Increased permeability of vessels

Impaired lymphatic drainage

Altered gas exchange

37
Q

What is HAPE

A

High altitude pulmonary oedema

38
Q

Diagnosis of Pulmonary Oedema

A

History and symptoms
Chest X-ray
CT Scan
ECG
Blood Tests
SPO2 and ABG

39
Q

Emphysema leads to higher risk of:

A

Pneumonia

Type 2 Respiratory failure
- Hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis

Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Bullae

40
Q

In TB, live and dead bacilli form what in the lungs?

A

Granulomas

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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