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Pathophysiology > Immunology and Anaphylaxis > Flashcards

Immunology and Anaphylaxis Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues and organs of the immune system

A

• Tonsils and Adenoids
• Thymus
• Lymph nodes
• Spleen
• Peyer’s patches
• Appendix
• Lymphatic vessels
• Bone marrow

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2
Q

Immune Priviledged sites:

A

• Eyes
• Placenta and Foetus
• Testicles
• Central Nervous System

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3
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

• recognise and neutralise pathogens
• recognise and kill infected cells
• respond to “danger” signals
•Surveillance and removal of transformed (pre-cancerous or cancerous cells)
• removes dead cells
Contribute to wound healing

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4
Q

Reaction or disease to IgE allergic reaction

A

• systemic anaphylaxis
• acute urticaria
• seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis
• asthma
• food allergy

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5
Q

Allergic Asthma symptoms:

A

• shortness of breath/breathing
• cough (day or night)
• wheezing
• chest tightness

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6
Q

Allergic Rhinitis symptoms:

A

• inflammation in the nostrils due to presence of an allergen (environment)
• itchy eyes/throat
• sneezing, blocked/runny nose
• watering, red eyes (allergic conjunctivitis)
• shortness of breath
• tiredness
• post-nasal drip

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7
Q

What can trigger a reaction of systemic anaphylaxis?

A

• drugs (penicillin, insulin, and antitoxins)
• foods
Can be fatal

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8
Q

What is the most severe type of anaphylaxis

A

• systemic anaphylaxis
• often fatal and occurs within minutes of exposure

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9
Q

How is an allergen introduced into the body

A

• directly into the blood stream
• absorbed into the circulation from the gut or skin

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10
Q

Symptoms of anaphylaxis

A

• precipitous drop in blood pressure leading to anaphylactic shock
• this would cause contraction of smooth muscles to defecation, urination and bronchioles constriction causing laboured respiration.

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11
Q

Symptoms of anaphylaxis are due to:

A

• rapid and widespread IgE antibody-mediated degranulation of mast cells and basophils and the systemic effects of their contents

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12
Q

What treatment is used for systemic anaphylactic reactions?

A

• adrenaline
• it counteracts the effects of mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes, relaxing smooth muscles of the airways and reducing vascular permeability
Oxygen
Hydrocortisone

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13
Q

Adrenaline improves:

A

Improves cardiac output, which is necessary to prevent vascular collapse

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14
Q

What is the role of white blood cells

A

• leukocytes protect against diseases, microbes and other foreign invaders

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15
Q

What are the three subtypes of white blood cells

A

• granulocytes
• lymphocytes
• monocytes

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16
Q

Granulocytes consist of

A

• neutrophils
• eosinophils
• basophils

17
Q

What is a neutrophils main target

A

• bacteria and funghi

18
Q

What is a eosinophils main target

A

• larger parasites, and modulate allergic inflammatory response

19
Q

What is the function of basophils

A

• release histamine for inflammatory response

20
Q

T-cells are

A

• Cell mediated
• cytotoxic adaptive immunity

21
Q

B-cells are

A

• humoral
• antibody immunity

22
Q

Natural killer (NK) cells are..

A

• depend against tumours and virally infected cells
• include macrophages

23
Q

What is type 1 hypersensitivity

A

• most common type of hypersensitivity reaction
• immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity
• more commonly known as allergy

24
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity is provoked by

A

• re-exposure to a specific type of antigen
• eg. Pollen, pet dander, food allergens

25
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity immune mechanism:

A

• mediated by IgE antibodies bound to Fc receptions on cells such as mast cells

26
Q

IgG function:

A

Main form of antibodies. Production increased after immunisation, secreted during secondary response

27
Q

IgA function:

A

• Main antibody types in external secretions, such as saliva and mothers milk

28
Q

IgE function:

A

• responsible for allergic symptoms in mediate hypersensitivity reactions

29
Q

IgM function:

A

• Function as antigen receptors on lymphocyte surface prior to immunisation; secreted during primary response

30
Q

IgD function:

A

• function as antigen receptors on lymphocyte surface prior to immunisation; other functions unknown

31
Q

Antibodies can inactivate the invading agent directly by:

A

• agglutination
• precipitation
• neutralisation
• lysis

32
Q

Immune mediator in allergy and Atopic hypersensitivity

A

IgE

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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