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Pathophysiology > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive Processes

A

Ingestion
Peristalsis
Digestion (chemical and mechanical)
Absorption
Defecation

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2
Q

How long is the oesophagus

A

25cm long tube

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3
Q

Oesophagus has 3 narrowing at the point of ?

A

Aortic arch
Left main bronchus
Diaphragm

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4
Q

The oesophagus passes through C6 - T11. It passes through the diaphragm at

A

T10

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5
Q

In Gastro-oesophageal reflux, irritation of mucosal lining leads to:

A

• oesophagitis
• Strictures of ulceration
• Barrett’s oesophagus

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6
Q

Mallory-Weiss Tear accounts for what percentage of GIbleeds?

A

3% - 15% of patients

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7
Q

What is Mallory-Weiss Tear?

A

A tear of the tissue (mucous membrane) of the lower oesophagus which leads to bleeding

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8
Q

What are the causes of Mallory-Weiss Tear?

A

• Violent coughing, retching, vomiting and/or straining (common cause)
• Hiatal hernia (rare)
• Childbirth (rare)

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9
Q

Signs and symptoms of Mallory-Weiss Tear

A

• Haematoemesis vomiting or bright red or coffee grounds blood
• Melaena (stool with blood)
• dysphasia/odynophagia
• Anaemia
• Fatigue, dizziness and fainting
• shortness of breath
• Abdominal or chest pain

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10
Q

Diagnosis or Mallory-Weiss Tear

A

• sign and symptoms
• stool test
• upper GI endoscopy

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11
Q

Treatment of Mallory-Weiss Tear

A

• self limiting in 80-90% of cases (stop bleeding and heal on its own)
• injection or a heat treatment to stop bleeding
• surgical repair (rare)

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12
Q

What is a Hiatus Hernia

A

Part of the stomach moves up through a small opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm into the chest

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13
Q

How many people and age range are diagnosed with hiatus hernia

A

1 out of 3 people over the age of 50

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14
Q

Risk factors for Hiatus Hernia

A

• age related changes in diaphragm (over 50)
• pregnancy
• obesity
• exercising and heavy weight lifting
• severe coughing
• severe Vomiting
• straining during bowel movements

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15
Q

Types of Hiatus Hernia

A

• sliding hiatus hernia (moves up and down, in and out of the chest)
• parapesophageal hiatus hernia

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16
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hiatus Hernia

A

• heartburn
• shortness of breath
• regurgitation of food or liquid into mouth
• burping and feel bloated
• feeling full soon after eating
• nausea and vomiting
• dysphagia
• vomiting of blood or passing of black stool

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17
Q

Treatment of Hiatus Hernia

A

• lifestyle changes: eating habits, avoid laying down at least 3 hours after eating or drinking, stop smoking
• treating heartburn symptoms
• keyhole surgery (laparoscopy)

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18
Q

Diagnosis of Hiatus Hernia

A

• X-ray
•Endoscopy

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19
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

• Mechanical digestion
• Chemical digestion
• Absorption

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20
Q

Components of gastric juice (chemical digestion)

A

• hydrochloric acid
• pepsin
• mucus
• intrinsic factor
• gastrin hormone

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21
Q

Name salivary glands

A

Parotid

Sublingual

Submanibular

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22
Q

Where does chemical digestion start

A

In the mouth- amylase

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23
Q

Role of Hydrochloric acid in digestion

A

Antibacterial, and converts pepsinogen to pepsin

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24
Q

What enzyme breaks down proteins in the stomach

A

Pepsin

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25
Q

Role of intrinsic factor

A

Absorption of B12

26
Q

Define Achlorhydria

A

Reduction of production of Hydrochloric acid

27
Q

Location of Peptic Ulcers

A

Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum

28
Q

Causes of peptic ulcer

A

Weakness in gastric mucosal barrier
Gastritis
Helicobacter Pylori (H-Pylori) bacterial infection
NSAIDs use

29
Q

Pathophysiology of NSAID-induced Ulcers

A

NSAIDs inhibit COX-1 enzyme,
Resultant reduction of prostaglandin production- responsible for mucus and bicarbonate production in stomach

30
Q

Define Gastroparesis

A

Paralysis of the stomach- failure to empty stomach contents into the intestine

31
Q

Causes of Gastroparesis

A

Diabetes
Neurological disorders- MS, Parkinson’s
Connective Tissue Disorders
Post Surgical complications

32
Q

Signs and symptoms of Gastroparesis

A

Abdominal pain
Bloating
Heartburn
Nausea and vomiting
Feeling full quickly
Malnourishment
Dehydration
Weight loss
Fatigue

33
Q

Diagnosis of Gastroparesis

A

Gastric Emptying Study
Upper Endoscopy
Barium X-rays
Wireless motility capsules

34
Q

How many liver lobes

A

4

35
Q

Names of the liver lobes

A

Left Lobe
Right Lobe
Caudate
Quadrate

36
Q

Functions of the Liver

A

Breakdown old RBC
Iron Storage
Production of Bile
Removal of bacteria by Kupffer cells
Production of clotting factors
Lipid metabolism
Carbohydrate storage
Storage of fat soluble vitamins
Metabolic detoxification

37
Q

What is Jaundice

A

Elevated levels of plasma bilirubin

38
Q

Causes of hepatic jaundice

A

Viral hepatitis

Toxic Hepatitis- drugs, alcoholtoxins

Cirrhosis

39
Q

Complication of portal vein hypertension

A

Oesophageal varices

40
Q

Define Ascites

A

Presence of fluid within peritoneal cavity

41
Q

Define Cholelithiasis

A

Gall stones due to supersaturation of bile with cholesterol

42
Q

Symptoms of cholelithiasis

A

Pain in upper right quadrant of abdomen after eating fatty food
Referred pain in right shoulder blade
Fever and chills
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea
Jaundice
Itchy skin
Loss of appetite

43
Q

Treatment of cholelithiasis (Gallstones)

A

Medications

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP)

Surgical gallbladder removal

44
Q

Enzymes secreted by the pancreas

A

Amylase
Proteases
Lipase

45
Q

Organs of the Right upper quadrant

A

Liver
Gall bladder
Colon
R kidney
Pancreas

46
Q

Organs of the Left Upper Quadrant

A

Stomach
Spleen
Colon
L Kidney
Pancreas

47
Q

Organs of the Right Lower Quadrant

A

Appendix
Colon
Bladder
(Ovaries)

48
Q

Organs of the Left Lower Quadrant

A

Colon
(Ovaries)

49
Q

Causes of abdominal pain: Right Hypochondriac Region

A

Costochondritis
Cholelithiasis
Gall bladder infection
Muscular
Hepatitis
Kidney Stone
Pneumonia

50
Q

Causes of Pain: Epigastric Region

A

Acid Reflux
Heartburn
Heart attack
Gastritis
Stomach Ulcer
Duodenal Ulcer
Pancreatitis
Epigastric Hernia

51
Q

Causes of Pain: Left Hypochondriac region

A

Pneumonia
Costochondritis
Spleen infection
Splenomegaly
Hepatitis
Kidney Stone
Constipation
Wind

52
Q

Location of pain from cholecystitis

A

Right upper quadrant

53
Q

Symptoms of IBS

A

Abdo pain that is relieved after opening bowels

54
Q

Spider Naevi indicates

A

Chronic liver disease

55
Q

How much kidney function loss is classed as chronic kidney failure

A

75% +

56
Q

Disorders of the pancreas

A

Pancreatitis
Carcinoma of the pancreas
Tumours of the islets

57
Q

What is appendicitis

A

• Appendix swelling.
• Mucosal secretions increase intraluminal pressure.
• Pressure exceeds capillary perfusion, causing venous and lymphatic obstruction

58
Q

How does the appendix get blocked

A

• lymphoid hyperplasia
• infections (parasitic)
• faecaliths
• tumours

59
Q

Symptoms of appendicitis

A

• vague epigastric pain (first symptom)
• pain becomes more localised and moves to right lower quadrant
• flank tenderness
• nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
• low-grade fever

60
Q

Types of bowel obstruction

A

• hernia
• adhesions
• intussusception
• volvulus
• bowel cancer

61
Q

Bowel obstruction symptoms:

A

• nausea and vomiting, bile/faecal vomit
• fever
• tachycardia
• weight loss/loss of appetite
• abdominal pain
• constipation or diarrhoea
• distended abdomen
• bloody stools
• may be haemodynamically unstable

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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