Respiratory pathology Flashcards
For any disease think ‘In a surgeon’s gown physicians may make some more progress’
(Epidemiology) Incidence, age, sex, geography. Pathology: macroscopic microscopic. Signs (symptoms and complications). management. prognosis
Common neoplastic lung diseases
lung cancer and mesothelioma
Asthma causes
allergens and atopy, pollution, drugs - NSAIDs, occupational, diet, physical exertion, intrinsic
Pathogenesis of asthma
sensitisation to allergen -> immediate phase -> late phase
Histology of asthma
hyperaemia, hypertrophic ….
COPD defined as
chronic cough productive of sputum, most days for at least 3 months over at least 2 consectuvie years
What does COPD look like
hypertrophy mucous glands, dilation of airways, goblet cell hyperplasia
Complications of chronic bronchitis
repeated infections, chronic hypoxia and reduced exercise tolerance, chronic hypoxia reslts in pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure (cor pulmonale), increased risk of lung cancer independent of smoking
Bronchiectasis defintion
permanent abnormal dilatation of bronchi
Commmon causes of bronchiectasis
Congenital or inflammatory, i.e. post infectious (CF children), ciliary dyskinesia, obstruction, post-inflammtory (aspiration), secondary to bronchiolar disease, systemic disease, asthma
Complications of bronchiectasis
recurrent infections, haemoptysis, pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure, …
Cystic fibrosis affects?
1 in 2500 live births… 1 in 20 of population are heterzygous carriers
Which gene CF
Chr 7q3 = CFTR gene
CF effects on systems
Lungs - airway obstruction, repiratory failure, recurrent infection, GI tract - meconium ileus, malabsorption, pancreas - pancreatitis, secondary malabsorption, liver - cirrhosis, male reproductive system - infertility
Common parenchymal diseases (non-neoplastic lung diseases)
pulmonary oedema…
Definition of pulmonary oedema
accumulation of fluid in alveolar spaces as consequence of ‘leaky capillaries’ or ‘backpressure’ from failing left ventricle
Common causes of pulmonary oedema
hospital admission and of respiratory failure. LEFT HEART FAILURE. alveolar injury, neurogenic, high altitude.
Diffuse alveolar damage in adults:
acute respiratory distress syndrome “shock lung”
Diffuse alveolar damage in children:
Hyaline membrane disease of newborn
Diffuse alveolar damage pathogenesis
….
What does alveolar damage look like?
Post-mortem, heavy lung.
Diffuse alveolar damage
Capillary congestion -> exudative phase -> hyaline membranes -> organising phase
Clinical outcome of DAD
Death, …
Common parenchymal diseases which are infections ?
Pulmonary infections …
