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CRRAB II- FINAL > Respiratory Micro- Debiel/Zimmer > Flashcards

Respiratory Micro- Debiel/Zimmer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the point of the turbinate bones (Baffle plates)?

A

Force air to swirl as it passes over them, causing potential pathogens to make contact with nasal mucus

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2
Q

Are bacteria or viruses more common in causing upper respiratory tract infecitons?

A

VIRUSES! By far!!

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3
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator?

What are its 2 basic parts?

A

covers most of the bronchi, bronchioles, and nose

  1. Mucus-producing goblet cells
  2. Ciliated epithelium
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4
Q

What do the ciliated epithelium do?

A

Continually beat, pushing mucus up and out into the thorat

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5
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of rhinovirus and how that can lead to a bacterial sinusitis

A
  • virus binds to ICAM-1 on upper respiratory epithelial cells
  • Replicates inside cells and spreads to surrounding tissues without killing it
  • Local inflammation causes exudate and increased ICAM-1 expression
  • Actually ENHANCES ability of virus to spread and causes further infection
  • Exudate produces blocks air passageways which can lead to bacterial sinusitis or otitis media
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6
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

A bacterial secondary infection (a complication of a viral infection)

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7
Q

Common cold lasts what duration?

A

One week or less!

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8
Q

What are the two common causes of sinusitis?

A
  1. Streptococcus pneumoniae

2. Haemophilus influenzae

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9
Q

In what age group is Strep Pyogenes the most common cause of pharyngitis?

A

age 5-15 strep pyogenes is the most common cause, followed by viruses

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10
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of rhinovirus and how that can lead to a bacterial sinusitis

A
  • virus binds to ICAM-1 on upper respiratory epithelial cells
  • Replicates inside cells and spreads to surrounding tissues without killing it
  • Local inflammation causes exudate and increased ICAM-1 expression
  • Actually ENHANCES ability of virus to spread and causes further infection
  • Exudate produces blocks air passageways which can lead to bacterial sinusitis or otitis media
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11
Q

What are the the 2 important bacterial infections for Pharyngitis?

A

S. pyogenes

C. diptheriae

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12
Q

What bug causes pneumonia in kids and a moderately severe common cold in adults?

A

Paramyxovirus (Parainfluenza virus)

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13
Q

Describe the viral characteristics of Rhinovirus?

A

RNA
Icosahedral nucleocapsid
Nonenveloped
+ssRNA nonsegmented (class IV)

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14
Q

What are the most common causes of aseptic meningitis?

A

Coxsackievirus
Echovirus
Mumps virus

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15
Q

When do symptoms reach their peak post-infection?

A

2-5 days

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16
Q

At what point are cells completely regenerated post Rhinovirus infection?

A

14 days

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17
Q

What is the most common cause of pneumonia in young children?
What does this cause in adults?

A

Paramyxovirus (Parainfluenza)

Moderately severe Common Cold

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18
Q

Describe the viral characteristics of Rhinovirus?

A

RNA
Icosahedral nucleocapsid
+ssRNA (class IV)

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19
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis?

A

Strep pneumo

H. influenzae

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20
Q

What are the most common causes of palm and sole rash?

A

Syphillis
RMSF
Coxsackievirus

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21
Q

What are the most common causes of conjunctivitis?

A

H. influenzae
Adenovirus
S. pneumo

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22
Q

What is the only DNA virus that causes Common Cold?

A

Adenovirus

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23
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial Rhinosinusitis?

A

Amoxicillin or azithromycin

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24
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis?

A

Strep pneumo

H. influenzae

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25
Q

What is the most common cause of fungal Sinusitis?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

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26
Q

How do you treat fungal sinusitis?

A

Mechanical removal of fungal pathogen

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27
Q

If a patient has a fever greater than 102 and facial pain, are you thinking viral or bacterial?

A

BACTERIAL

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28
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial Rhinosinusitis?

A

Amoxicillin or azithromycin

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29
Q

Treatment of strep pyogenes pharyngitis should start within what time frame of first signs of infection?

A

9 days

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30
Q

What are the common findings in patients with viral and bacterial causes of pharyngitis?

A

Fever
Sore throat
Edema
Hyperemia of tonsils and pharyngeal walls

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31
Q

What symptoms strongly suggest a viral cause of Pharyngitis?

A 
Conjunctivitis
Cough
Hoarseness
Inflammation of mucus membrane
Diarrhea
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32
Q

What symptoms may be present if someone has Strep pyogenes pharyngitis (strep throat)?

A

Headache
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal pain

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33
Q

What is required if you suspect S. pyogenes pharyngitis?

A

Rapid strep test

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34
Q

Treatment of strep pyogenes pharyngitis should start within what time frame of first signs of infection?

A

9 days

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35
Q

What is the only cause of pharyngitis that should be treated?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes because it can lead to several serious complications.

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36
Q

What is the most common cause of pharyngitis? (broad)

A

Virus

37
Q

If a patient presents with bumps and film on their tongue along with a skin rash, what are you thinking?

A

Scarlet Fever

38
Q

What is Strep pyogenes capsule made out of?

What does it do for the bacteria?

A 
Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
Prevents phagocytosis by macrophages
39
Q

What 2 virulence factors does strep pyogenes use for invasion?

A

Protease

Hyaluronidase

40
Q

How does Diptheria Toxin work?

A

Part B binds to cells to allow its entry into an endocytic vacuole.
The vacuole acidifies.
Then the active part A gets into the cells and screws up translation so the cells die!

41
Q

What is the major treatment for S. pyogenes pharyngitis?

A

Penicillin

Erythromycin if allergic to penicillin

42
Q

What can certain strains of S. pyogenes secrete to cause Scarlet Fever?

A

Exotoxins:
ssa, speA, speC
These are Superantigens!

43
Q

If a patient presents with bumps and film on their tongue along with a skin rash, what are you thinking?

A

Scarlet Fever

44
Q

Is strep pyogenes catalase + or -?

A

NEGATIVE

45
Q

What is the most common cause of pneumonia in young children?

A

RSV

46
Q

How does Diptheria Toxin work?

A

Part B binds to cells to allow its entry into an endocytic vacuole.
The vacuole acidifies.
Then the active part A gets into the cells and screws up translation so the cells die!

47
Q

Describe the bacterial properties of C. diptheriae.

A

Gram + Bacilli

48
Q

What is the signature symptom of Croup?

A

Bark-like cough

49
Q

When do croup symptoms peak?

When do they resolve?

A

peak 3-5 days

resolve 4-7 days

50
Q

What does RSV have that causes cell membranes of nearby cells to fuse?
What do you call the result of multiple cells fusing?

A

F protein

Syncytium

51
Q

What is the most common cause of pneumonia in young children?

A

RSV

52
Q

What causes Life-threatning Epiglottitis?

Looking for 2 things

A

Beta Hemolytic strep

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

53
Q

Common cold symptoms.

A

Nasal discharge
mild sore throat
cough
LACK OF FEVER (children may have fever)

54
Q

What are 3 classic components of sinusitis?

A

FEVER
Purulent nasal discharge
Sinus Tenderness

55
Q

Most common cause of pharyngitis in young kids and adults?

A

viruses

56
Q

Most common cause of pharyngitis in kids age 5-15?

A

Strep pyogenes

57
Q

What is the most serious risk of Laryngitis/Croup?

A

Airway obstruction

58
Q

2nd most common cause of common cold?

A

Coronavirus

59
Q

What normally causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome?

A

Coronavirus

couldn’t you use a Corona right about now?;)

60
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Influenza C causing the common cold.

A 
Viral Hemagglutinin A contacts the mucosas sialic acid and is endocytosed.
Viral neurominidase (NA) cleaves HA bound to sialic acid and permits viral spread

Immune system produces IL-1 and IFN-gamma in response!

61
Q

What is a cause of common cold and also causes 50 % of cases of viral myocarditis?

A

Cocsackie B

62
Q

Strep pyogenes: 4 major virulence factors

A 
Streptokinase (plasminogen-->plasmin)
M protein (resists phagocytosis)
Hyaluronidase (breaks down connective tissue)
DNase (breaks down DNA)
63
Q

What antibodies can you look for in a person with strep pyogenes infection?

A

Anti-Streptolysin O antibodies

64
Q

Black bacteria makes you think of what bacteria?

A

Diptheria!

65
Q

What does Strep pyogenes use for attachment? 3 things

A

M protein
Lipoteichoic acid
Fibronectin binding protein (protein F)

66
Q

Why is strep pyogenes not phagocytosed?

A

Hyaluronic Acid capsule

67
Q

What does adenovirus use to bind mucosa cells?

A

Hemagluttinin A

68
Q

2nd most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in COPD patients?

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

69
Q

Gray pseudomembrane
Airway obstruction
What bug ya thinking?

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

70
Q

What does C. diptheriae ribosylate to prevent protein synthesis?

A

EF-2

71
Q

What 2 bacteria did we learn that are Quellung +?

A

Strep pneumo

Hib

72
Q

What are the 2 major virulence factors of RSV?

A

G protein-attachment

F protein-Synctium

73
Q

What bugs forms a syncytium?

A

RSV

74
Q

What viruses bind using Hemagluttinin A?

A

Influenza C
Adenovirus
Parainfluenza

75
Q

What cleaves HA from sialic acid?

A

Neuroaminidase

76
Q

Treatment for C. diptheriae?

A

Antitoxin

Penicillin (or erythromycin)

77
Q

What condition shares a similarity in symptomology with RSV?

What is the symptom?

A

Asthma

Wheezing

78
Q

What bugs have an IgA protease?

A

Strep pneumo

Hib

79
Q

MOST COMMON CAUSE OF EPIGLOTTITIS

A

H influenza type b

80
Q

MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CROUP

A

Parainfluenza virus

81
Q

Gram + Bacilli
Aerobic
Black colonies on potassium tellurite

A

C diptheriae

82
Q

Tx for Hib?

Close contacts of infected person?

A

3rd Gen cephalosporins
(Hib vaccine for prevention)
Rifampin for close contacts

83
Q

Gram +
Diplococci
alpha hemolytic

A

Strep pneumo

84
Q

Helical
Enveloped
Class IV

A

Coronavirus

85
Q

Nonenveloped
Icosahedral
Class IV

A

Rhinovirus

86
Q

Tongue paralysis in young immigrant girl

A

DIPTHERIA!

87
Q

Gram - coccobacilli

A

H flu

88
Q

Factors V and X required for growth

A

H flu

CRRAB II- FINAL (20 decks)

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