Respiratory Dev.- Severson

Question 1

What cells are responsible for secreting pulmonary surfactant?

Answer 1

Type II alveolar cells

Question 2

When does pulmonary surfactant BEGIN to form in the fetus?

Answer 2

20 weeks

Question 3

When does pulmonary surfactant become SUFFICIENCY for a baby to survive?

Answer 3

24 weeks (says his practice questions)

26-28 (says his handout)

Question 4

Where do 
Clara cells
Goblet cells
Type 1 pneumocytes and 
Type 2 pneumocytes develope from?

Answer 4

The epithelial component of the lung bud (respiratory diverticulum)

Question 5

Congenital Lung cysts

Answer 5

formed by a dilation of terminal bronchioles due to a disturbance in bronchial development during late fetal life

Lungs have a honeycomb appearance

Question 6

The lungs at birth are half inflated with liquid. What gives rise to this liquid?

Answer 6

Lung tissues

Question 7

Describe the respiratory/laryngotracheal diverticulum

Answer 7

an endodermal outgrowth in the floor of the foregut

Question 8

Where do the primitive pleural cavities originate from?

Answer 8

Pericardiperitoneal canals

Question 9

Hyaline membrane disease (Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

Answer 9

Caused by a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant

injury to alveolar wall results in protein and fiberous rich exudation

Question 10

What cells give rise to the cartilages of the larynx?

Answer 10

Neural crest mesenchyme!!!

Question 11

Where does bronchial smooth muscle, cartilage in the bronchi, and pulmonary connective tissue arise from?

Answer 11

splanchnic mesenchyme

Question 12

What is the most common congenital anomaly of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 12

Tracheoesophageal fistula

Question 13

What does laryngeal cartilage arise from?

Answer 13

Neural crest mesenchyme (ectoderm) of the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches

Question 14

Describe the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 pneumocytes

Answer 14

Type 1- 97% of alveolar surface. Line the alveoli. Squamous and THIN! Good for gas exchange

Type 2- secrete pulmonary surfactant

NOTE* Type II can serve as precuroses to Type 1 and other Type 2 cells. They proliferate during lung damage!!
HOW NEAT!

Question 15

What part of the developing embryo does the respiratory diverticulum come from?`

Answer 15

Endoderm

Question 16

What do the primitive pleural cavities originate from?

Answer 16

Pericardioperitoneal canals

Question 17

Transesophageal fistula is frequently associated with what in regards to the esophagus?

Answer 17

Esophageal atresia = blind ending of esophagus, continues off the trachea

Question 18

What causes eventration of the diaphragm?

Answer 18

Failure of cervical myotomes to migrate into the transverse septum

Question 19

What causes oligohydraminos?

Answer 19

Bilateral renal agenesis (lack of urine production reduces the amount of amniotic fluid)

Question 20

What 2 things may lung hypoplasia be associated with?

Answer 20

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Oligohydraminos

Question 21

When do most of our mature alveoli develop?

Answer 21

Birth to age 8

Question 22

What can you give in pregnancy to accelerate fetal lung development?

Answer 22

Glucocorticoids

Question 23

What respiratory components arise from endoderm?

Answer 23

Epithelium and glands

of larynx, trachea, bronchi and pulmonary epithelium

Question 24

What things arise from splanchnic mesenchyme?

Answer 24

Connective tissue
Smooth muscle (endothelial cells)
Cartilage

Question 25

Where does splanchnic mesenchyme come from?

Answer 25

Myoblasts of 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch

Question 26

Lungs at birth are 1/2 inflated with liquid, what gives rise to this liquid?

Answer 26

lung tissue

Question 27

If an infant has a tracheoesophageal fistula, will you likely see polyhydramnios or oligohydramnios?

Answer 27

Polyhydramnios

Question 28

Eventration of the diaphragm results from what?

Answer 28

Failure of cervical myotomes to migrate into transverse septum

Question 29

What is ectopic cordis a result of?

Answer 29

Faulty development of sternum and pericardium
(secondary to incomplete fusion of lateral folds)

…so the heart is outside of the thorax!

Question 30

What forms the central tendon of the diaphragm?

Answer 30

Septum Transversum!

Question 31

When is do the alveoli completely mature?

Answer 31

Alveolar period of lung maturation = late fetal period to 8 years old

Question 32

Describe the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 pneumocytes

Answer 32

Type 1- 97% of alveolar surface. Line the alveoli. Squamous and THIN! Good for gas exchange

Type 2- secrete pulmonary surfactant

NOTE* Type II can serve as precuroses to Type 1 and other Type 2 cells. They proliferate during lung damage!!
HOW NEAT!

Question 33

What is a tracheoesophageal fistula?

Answer 33

Results from abnormal partitioning by the tracheoesophageal septus producing abnormal communication between the trachea and esophagus

Question 34

What condition is most likely to be seen with a tracheoesophageal fistula?

Answer 34

Polyhydramnios = amniotic fluid accumulates

Question 35

Transesophageal fistula is frequently associated with what in regards to the esophagus?

Answer 35

Esophageal atresia = blind ending of esophagus, continues off the trachea

Question 36

What causes eventration of the diaphragm?

Answer 36

Failure of cervical myotomes to migrate into the transverse septum

Question 37

What embryonic conditions leads to ectopic cordis?

Answer 37

Heart is found outside body

Fault development of the sternum and pericardium, secondary to incomplete fusion of the lateral folds

Question 38

What can lead to the absence of the central tendon of the diaphragm?

Answer 38

The transverse septum failed to develope

Question 39

Infant has left hypoplastic lung and herniation of abdominal intestines into the left thoracic cavity…. what failed to develop?

Answer 39

Pleuroperitoneal membrane