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MB1: Respiratory > Respiratory infection > Flashcards

Respiratory infection Flashcards

1
Q

Define the microbiological characteristics of TB

A

gram positive bacillus
acid fast characteristics
slow growth time

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2
Q

how is TB transmitted

A

aerosol route

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3
Q

True/false - all those exposed to TB pathogen will be affected

A

false

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4
Q

What is latent TB

A

TB existing in granulomas in the lung
TST positive but asymptomatic
Will eventually become active with symptoms

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5
Q

What is active TB

A

TB where a person will become unwell immediately and display symptoms

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6
Q

who is most at risk of TB

A

children and older people due to more compromised immune systems
Deprived due to lifestyle and poor environment

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7
Q

where does most UK TB come from

A

Immigration, latent TB brought to UK where it actively presents

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8
Q

Constitutional TB symptoms

A

Weigh loss
Appetite loss
Fever
Night sweats

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9
Q

Pulmonary TB symptoms

A

Breathlessness
Haemoptysis
Productive cough

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10
Q

Extrapulmonary TB symptoms

A 
Joint pain and lack of movement 
Headaches
Abdominal pain
Swollen lymph nodes
Confusion
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11
Q

where does TB usually reactivate

A

Upper lung lobes where there is more oxygen

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12
Q

what type of TB is most common in children

A

primary lymph node TB

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13
Q

what type of T is most common in adults

A

Primary lymph node and pulmonary TB

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14
Q

How does lung necrosis occur and what type of necrosis is it

A

Caseous necrosis

Cytokine mediators cause breakdown of lung tissue as immune system tries to destroy TB

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15
Q

Where will miliary TB be spread

A

Brain

Liver

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16
Q

What can be done to diagnose TB

A 
History 
TST
CXR
Sputum sample 
Ziehl neelsen stain 
Culture 
Histological analysis
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17
Q

How is active TB treated

A

rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambuol for 2 months

rifampicin and isoniazid for 4 months

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18
Q

How is latent TB treated

A

rifampicin and isoniazid for 3 months
or
isoniazid for 6 months

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19
Q

What is the TB vaccine

A

BCG vaccine

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20
Q

how is the TB granuloma formed

A

TB phagocytosed by macrophage which recognises presence
CD4 and CD8 cells wall off infected cells to create granuloma
may rupture in high bacterial cell number

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21
Q

Why is there drug resistance to TB and where

A

Ex soviet union

Drugs were misused there

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22
Q

what is FeverPAIN

A 
clinical scoring method that assesses chances of isolating strep 
Fever
Purulence
Attended rapidly 
Severely inflamed tonsils 
No cough
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23
Q

common pathogens in epiglottitis

A

classically influenza B, now strep pneumoniae, pyrogenes or S. aureus

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24
Q

what is the classic clinical feature of diptheria

A

pseudo membrane

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25
what symptoms would a patient with an infective exacerbation of COPD have?
SOB Chest pain respiratory distress
26
what antibiotics are used to treat CAP
amoxicillin or doxycycline
27
how can mycoplasma pneumonia be diagnosed and who is it more common in
more common in younger people | throat swab
28
treatment of HAP
amoxicillin and gentamicin if severe | amoxicillin/doxy if non-severe
29
treatment of aspiration pneumonia
amoxicillin and metronidazole
30
treatment of legionella pneumonia, where common
hot water systems and boilers, often abroad in air conditioning levofloxacin
31
Viruses that can cause flu
Influenza A, B and Parainfluenza
32
flu transmission
droplet and aerosol
33
most common death of all flu
secondary bacterial pneumonia to influenza
34
antivirals used to treat flu
oseltamivir | zanamivir
35
when would you give antivirals to a patient
prophylaxis in vulnerable patients
36
how is flu able to cause seasonal epidemics
antigenic variation segmented genome animal reservoir
37
what type of influenza causes pandemics
Influenza A
38
how is the flu virus detected in a patient
Nasopharyngeal swab - PCR
39
where is the live attenuated flu vaccine given and how
to young children by intra-nasal spray
40
where is the killed flu vaccine given and how
adult patients deemed at risk or to healthcare workers | given by injection
41
what virus do most children have by 5
metapneumovirus
42
3 main routes of disease transmission
contact droplet aerosol
43
for how long are prophylaxis antivirals effective pre-infection
48 hours
44
colonisers of the upper airways
``` H. influenzae strep pyrogenes (GAS) strep pneumoniae S. aureus Moraxella catarrhalis ```
45
colonisers of CF
``` S. aureus H . influenzae S. pneumoniae pseudomonas aeruninosa Burkholderia cepacia ```
46
Colonisers of COPD
H. influenzae M. catarrhalis S. pneumoniae Gram -ves
47
colonisers of CAP
``` H. influenzae S. pneumoniae S. aureus Legionella Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydia psitacci ```
48
colonisers of HAP
``` usually -ves E.coli Kleibsella Pseudomonas H. influenzae ```
49
what can cause pneumonia in the immunosuppressed?
Aspergillus | TB
50
lobar pneumonia is?
consolidation of one lung lobe, often S. pneumoniae, kleibsella or legionella
51
bronchopneumonia is?
infection beginning in the airways and spreading to adjacent lung
52
what is bronchiectasis
abnormal fixed dilatation of bronchi
53
most common types of TB in humans?
M tuberculosis/ M bovis
54
reasons for developing chronic infection?
``` immunosuppression/deficiency damaged mucosa abnormal cilia/secretions aspiration indwelling material ```
55
drugs that cause immunosuppression
steroids methotrexate monoclonal antibodies chemo
56
true/false - intrapulmonary abscess often occurs on its own
false- it is usually caused by something beforehand
57
causes of septic emboli
right sided endocarditis IV drug users Infected DVT Septicaemia
58
what would empyema look like on CXR
D sign
59
how is an empyema treated?
chest tube
60
what is chronic bronchial sepsis
bronchiectasis with normal CT
61
what happens if a person with chronic bronchial sepsis gets a colonised infection
it wont go away and should be treated with nebulised gentamycin and a macrolide
62
commonest CFTR defect
F508 deletion
63
how many antibiotics is a person with CF given at a time
At least 2
64
endocrine failure in a CF patient results in
Type 1 diabetes
65
what is given for CF exocrine failure
CREON
66
treatment of DIOS
laxido gastrograffin fluids
67
when would lung transplant be considered in CF patient
FEV1<40% | no M. abscessus
68
G551D mutation of CFTR causes?
CFTR that wont open
69
Orkambi contains ___ and is used for
ivacaftor and lumacaftor | F508/F508
70
Symkevi contains ___ and is used for
Tezecaftor, ivacaftor | F508/F508 and some others
71
Trikefta
Exelacaftor, tezecaftor and ivacaftor | F508/F508 and anything else

MB1: Respiratory (15 decks)

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