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MB1: Respiratory > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the components of the upper respiratory tract

A 
Nasal cavities
Oral cavity
Pharynx 
Larynx
Epiglottis
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2
Q

Name the components of the lower respiratory tract

A 
Trachea 
Main left and right bronchi 
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles 
Alveoli
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3
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there

A

5

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4
Q

How many segmental bronchi are there

A

10 - 1 for each bronchopulmonary segment

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5
Q

How many lobes do the right and left lung have

A

right 3
left 2
5 total

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6
Q

what are lung lobes seperated by

A

Fissures

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7
Q

What is respiratory epithelium

A

epithelial cells containing cilia and goblet cells

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8
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator

A

where secreted mucus traps foreign particles

Cilia sweep this into the pharynx where it descends into the stomach and is destroyed

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9
Q

What structures have hyaline cartilage

A

Trachea to segmental bronchi

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10
Q

Where is smooth muscle present

A

bronchioles

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11
Q

What is patency

A

An airway that is open or can be held open

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12
Q

What can bronchioles do that other parts of the respiratory tree cannot?

A

Dilate and constrict

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13
Q

What requirements exist for ensuring oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse between alveolus and blood

A 
Functional lung tissue
Sufficient oxygen breathed in
Absence of carbon dioxide breathed in 
Minimal alveolar wall thickness 
Minimal tissue fluid in space
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14
Q

How can air be prevented from freely reaching the lungs and why

A

Inhalation of foreign bodies - can obstruct breathing

Narrowing of resp tract - growing tumour, swelling of mucosa and excess mucus or bronchiole constriction

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15
Q

How is the nasal wall formed

A 
separated by nasal septum
Lateral wall contains concha 
Medial wall is featureless
floor by palate
roof formed by midline floor of anterior cranial fossa
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16
Q

what makes up nasal septum

A

cartilagenous parts

ethmoid and vomer - bony parts

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17
Q

What makes up the larynx

A 
Epiglottis 
Thyroid cartilage 
Cricoid 
2 x arytenoid cartilages 
hyoid 
Rima glottidis
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18
Q

What is the rima glottidis

A

narrowest part of the larynx whereby air flows in respiration or phonation

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19
Q

How are the vocal cords moved

A

muscle connected to arytenoid cartilages expands and contracts to pull vocal cords open or closed

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20
Q

True/false - rima glottidis has a protective function

A

True - prevents foreign bodies from entering trachea

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21
Q

How is air warmed

A

passes over conchae which have a very rich arterial blood supply and so very warm

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22
Q

How is air humidified

A

conchae are also rich in mucus which humidifies air as it is passed over

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23
Q

How is air cleaned

A

mucus on conchae traps foreign particles as well as tonsils functioning to produce white blood cells

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24
Q

Deep fascia

A

thin but tough layer lying over muscle

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25
Q

bones of chest wall

A 
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebrae 
Clavicle 
Scapula
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26
Q

How many ribs are there and types

A 
12 total
7 true (sternum)
3 false (costal margin)
2 floating
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27
Q

What are the joints connecting the ribs

A

Costovertebral - head of rib to vertebrae
Sternocostal - cartilage and rib to sternum
Chostochrondral - rib to cartilage, not a true joint

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28
Q

Features of ribs

A 
Head - vertebrae + above 
Neck 
Tubercle - vertebra
Body 
Costal groove - carries intercostal neurovascular bundle
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29
Q

where can the trachea be palpated

A

jugular notch

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30
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

space between lungs containing the heart

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31
Q

the parietal pleura lines the _____

A

thoracic wall

32
Q

the visceral pleura lines the ____

A

lungs

33
Q

how is the visceral pleura stuck to the thoracic pleura

A

pleural fluid, which sticks them together by surface tension

34
Q

what does the intercostal muscle carry

A

neurovascular bundle

35
Q

what are the intercostal arteries carried by the intercostal neurovascular bundle

A

Posterior - thoracic aorta

Anterior - internal thoracic artery

36
Q

the ____ ramus of a spinal nerve is carried by the intercostal neurovascular bundle

A

anterior

37
Q

what are the intercostal veins carried by the intercostal neurovascular bundle

A

Posterior - azygous vein

Anterior - internal thoracic vein

38
Q

true/false - the left hemidiaphragm sits above the right

A

false- the right sits above left due to presence of the liver

39
Q

what nerve innervates the diaphragm

A

phrenic

40
Q

where does the diaphragm attach

A

L1-L3, sternum and lower 6 ribs with costal cartilages

41
Q

What is the phrenic nerve and what does it supply

A

anterior rami of C3, 4 and 5 spinal nerves

somatic sensory and sympathetic to diaphragm and fibrous pericardium and sensory motor to diaphragm

42
Q

where would the phrenic nerve be found

A

anterior of scalenus anterior muscle, descending over pericardial sac

43
Q

what quadrants are the female breast split into

A

superolateral and inferolateral

superomedial and inferomedial

44
Q

what tail branches off the superolateral quadrant and up to armpit

A

Axilary tail

45
Q

what vessels supply the female breast

A

Thoracic and subclavian arteries and veins

46
Q

true/false - the subclavian and axillary arteries and veins are the same

A

true - they change names once running past rib one

47
Q

where do lateral quadrants of the breast drain into (lymph)

A

axillary nodes

48
Q

where do medial quadrants of the breast drain into (lymph)

A

parasternal nodes

49
Q

what vessel lies in the delto-pectoral groove

A

cephalic vein

50
Q

What muscles make up anterior of thorax

A

pectoralis major and deltoid

51
Q

what muscle anchors the scapula to the thoracic cage

A

serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi

52
Q

what innervates the serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi

A

long thoracic nerve

53
Q

what is the costodiaphragmatic recess

A

space where parietal pleura extends beyond lungs

it is the lowest part of the pleural cavity where abnormal fluid may drain

54
Q

What is found in the hilum

A 
1 main bronchus 
2 pulmonary veins 
1 pulmonary artery 
lymphatics
visceral afferents 
sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
55
Q

where would you auscultate the lung apex

A

superior to medial 1/3rd clavicle

56
Q

where would you auscultate the middle lobe

A

ribs 4-6 midclavicular and midaxillary line

57
Q

where would you auscultate the horizontal fissure

A

right rib 4

58
Q

where would you auscultate the oblique fissures

A

rib 6 bilaterally

59
Q

where would you auscultate the lung base

A

scapular line at T11

60
Q

what is contained in the carotid sheath

A

vagus nerve
internal and common carotid
internal jugular
glossopharyngeal travels on surface

61
Q

what muscles contract in deep inspiration

A 
diaphragm 
intercostals
pectoralis major and minor
sternocleidomastoid
scalenus anterior, medius and posterior
62
Q

where does pectoralis major attach and how does it assist breathing

A

ribs/sternum and humerus

pulls ribs up if the upper limb is fixed

63
Q

how is the rima glottidis closed?

A

vagus nerve innervates muscles to move cartilages, adducting vocal cords

64
Q

what muscles aid expiration

A 
diaphragm 
intercostals
rectus abdominus 
external and internal obliques
transversus abdominus
65
Q

where do the aponeuroses of the obliques and transversus abdominus merge

A

linea alba

66
Q

what is the rectus sheath composed of

A

aponeuroses of internal and external obliques and transverse abdominis

67
Q

where does the external oblique attach

A

lower ribs, iliac crest and pubic tubercle

68
Q

where does the internal oblique attach

A

lower ribs, iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia of lower back

69
Q

where does the transversus abdominis attach

A

lower ribs, iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia of lower back

70
Q

what nerve tenses soft palate and why

A

to prevent air escaping nasopharynx

CN V, trigeminal

71
Q

what is found in the superior mediastinum

A

great vessels

72
Q

what is found in the middle mediastinum

A

heart

73
Q

what is found in the anterior mediastinum

A

nothing

74
Q

what is found in the posterior mediastinum

A

great vessels

75
Q

2 consquences of mediastinal shift

A

hypotension due to SVC compression

tracheal deviation

76
Q

safe triangle of a chest drain

A

anterior border of latissimus dorsi
axial line superior to nipple
posterior border of pectoralis major

MB1: Respiratory (15 decks)

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