Anatomy

Question 1

Name the components of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

Nasal cavities
Oral cavity
Pharynx 
Larynx
Epiglottis

Question 2

Name the components of the lower respiratory tract

Answer 2

Trachea 
Main left and right bronchi 
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles 
Alveoli

Question 3

How many lobar bronchi are there

Answer 3

5

Question 4

How many segmental bronchi are there

Answer 4

10 - 1 for each bronchopulmonary segment

Question 5

How many lobes do the right and left lung have

Answer 5

right 3
left 2
5 total

Question 6

what are lung lobes seperated by

Answer 6

Fissures

Question 7

What is respiratory epithelium

Answer 7

epithelial cells containing cilia and goblet cells

Question 8

What is the mucociliary escalator

Answer 8

where secreted mucus traps foreign particles

Cilia sweep this into the pharynx where it descends into the stomach and is destroyed

Question 9

What structures have hyaline cartilage

Answer 9

Trachea to segmental bronchi

Question 10

Where is smooth muscle present

Answer 10

bronchioles

Question 11

What is patency

Answer 11

An airway that is open or can be held open

Question 12

What can bronchioles do that other parts of the respiratory tree cannot?

Answer 12

Dilate and constrict

Question 13

What requirements exist for ensuring oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse between alveolus and blood

Answer 13

Functional lung tissue
Sufficient oxygen breathed in
Absence of carbon dioxide breathed in 
Minimal alveolar wall thickness 
Minimal tissue fluid in space

Question 14

How can air be prevented from freely reaching the lungs and why

Answer 14

Inhalation of foreign bodies - can obstruct breathing

Narrowing of resp tract - growing tumour, swelling of mucosa and excess mucus or bronchiole constriction

Question 15

How is the nasal wall formed

Answer 15

separated by nasal septum
Lateral wall contains concha 
Medial wall is featureless
floor by palate
roof formed by midline floor of anterior cranial fossa

Question 16

what makes up nasal septum

Answer 16

cartilagenous parts

ethmoid and vomer - bony parts

Question 17

What makes up the larynx

Answer 17

Epiglottis 
Thyroid cartilage 
Cricoid 
2 x arytenoid cartilages 
hyoid 
Rima glottidis

Question 18

What is the rima glottidis

Answer 18

narrowest part of the larynx whereby air flows in respiration or phonation

Question 19

How are the vocal cords moved

Answer 19

muscle connected to arytenoid cartilages expands and contracts to pull vocal cords open or closed

Question 20

True/false - rima glottidis has a protective function

Answer 20

True - prevents foreign bodies from entering trachea

Question 21

How is air warmed

Answer 21

passes over conchae which have a very rich arterial blood supply and so very warm

Question 22

How is air humidified

Answer 22

conchae are also rich in mucus which humidifies air as it is passed over

Question 23

How is air cleaned

Answer 23

mucus on conchae traps foreign particles as well as tonsils functioning to produce white blood cells

Question 24

Deep fascia

Answer 24

thin but tough layer lying over muscle

Question 25

bones of chest wall

Answer 25

``` Ribs Sternum Vertebrae Clavicle Scapula ```

Question 26

How many ribs are there and types

Answer 26

``` 12 total 7 true (sternum) 3 false (costal margin) 2 floating ```

Question 27

What are the joints connecting the ribs

Answer 27

Costovertebral - head of rib to vertebrae Sternocostal - cartilage and rib to sternum Chostochrondral - rib to cartilage, not a true joint

Question 28

Features of ribs

Answer 28

``` Head - vertebrae + above Neck Tubercle - vertebra Body Costal groove - carries intercostal neurovascular bundle ```

Question 29

where can the trachea be palpated

Answer 29

jugular notch

Question 30

what is the mediastinum

Answer 30

space between lungs containing the heart

Question 31

the parietal pleura lines the _____

Answer 31

thoracic wall

Question 32

the visceral pleura lines the ____

Answer 32

lungs

Question 33

how is the visceral pleura stuck to the thoracic pleura

Answer 33

pleural fluid, which sticks them together by surface tension

Question 34

what does the intercostal muscle carry

Answer 34

neurovascular bundle

Question 35

what are the intercostal arteries carried by the intercostal neurovascular bundle

Answer 35

Posterior - thoracic aorta | Anterior - internal thoracic artery

Question 36

the ____ ramus of a spinal nerve is carried by the intercostal neurovascular bundle

Answer 36

anterior

Question 37

what are the intercostal veins carried by the intercostal neurovascular bundle

Answer 37

Posterior - azygous vein | Anterior - internal thoracic vein

Question 38

true/false - the left hemidiaphragm sits above the right

Answer 38

false- the right sits above left due to presence of the liver

Question 39

what nerve innervates the diaphragm

Answer 39

phrenic

Question 40

where does the diaphragm attach

Answer 40

L1-L3, sternum and lower 6 ribs with costal cartilages

Question 41

What is the phrenic nerve and what does it supply

Answer 41

anterior rami of C3, 4 and 5 spinal nerves | somatic sensory and sympathetic to diaphragm and fibrous pericardium and sensory motor to diaphragm

Question 42

where would the phrenic nerve be found

Answer 42

anterior of scalenus anterior muscle, descending over pericardial sac

Question 43

what quadrants are the female breast split into

Answer 43

superolateral and inferolateral | superomedial and inferomedial

Question 44

what tail branches off the superolateral quadrant and up to armpit

Answer 44

Axilary tail

Question 45

what vessels supply the female breast

Answer 45

Thoracic and subclavian arteries and veins

Question 46

true/false - the subclavian and axillary arteries and veins are the same

Answer 46

true - they change names once running past rib one

Question 47

where do lateral quadrants of the breast drain into (lymph)

Answer 47

axillary nodes

Question 48

where do medial quadrants of the breast drain into (lymph)

Answer 48

parasternal nodes

Question 49

what vessel lies in the delto-pectoral groove

Answer 49

cephalic vein

Question 50

What muscles make up anterior of thorax

Answer 50

pectoralis major and deltoid

Question 51

what muscle anchors the scapula to the thoracic cage

Answer 51

serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi

Question 52

what innervates the serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi

Answer 52

long thoracic nerve

Question 53

what is the costodiaphragmatic recess

Answer 53

space where parietal pleura extends beyond lungs | it is the lowest part of the pleural cavity where abnormal fluid may drain

Question 54

What is found in the hilum

Answer 54

``` 1 main bronchus 2 pulmonary veins 1 pulmonary artery lymphatics visceral afferents sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves ```

Question 55

where would you auscultate the lung apex

Answer 55

superior to medial 1/3rd clavicle

Question 56

where would you auscultate the middle lobe

Answer 56

ribs 4-6 midclavicular and midaxillary line

Question 57

where would you auscultate the horizontal fissure

Answer 57

right rib 4

Question 58

where would you auscultate the oblique fissures

Answer 58

rib 6 bilaterally

Question 59

where would you auscultate the lung base

Answer 59

scapular line at T11

Question 60

what is contained in the carotid sheath

Answer 60

vagus nerve internal and common carotid internal jugular glossopharyngeal travels on surface

Question 61

what muscles contract in deep inspiration

Answer 61

``` diaphragm intercostals pectoralis major and minor sternocleidomastoid scalenus anterior, medius and posterior ```

Question 62

where does pectoralis major attach and how does it assist breathing

Answer 62

ribs/sternum and humerus | pulls ribs up if the upper limb is fixed

Question 63

how is the rima glottidis closed?

Answer 63

vagus nerve innervates muscles to move cartilages, adducting vocal cords

Question 64

what muscles aid expiration

Answer 64

``` diaphragm intercostals rectus abdominus external and internal obliques transversus abdominus ```

Question 65

where do the aponeuroses of the obliques and transversus abdominus merge

Answer 65

linea alba

Question 66

what is the rectus sheath composed of

Answer 66

aponeuroses of internal and external obliques and transverse abdominis

Question 67

where does the external oblique attach

Answer 67

lower ribs, iliac crest and pubic tubercle

Question 68

where does the internal oblique attach

Answer 68

lower ribs, iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia of lower back

Question 69

where does the transversus abdominis attach

Answer 69

lower ribs, iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia of lower back

Question 70

what nerve tenses soft palate and why

Answer 70

to prevent air escaping nasopharynx | CN V, trigeminal

Question 71

what is found in the superior mediastinum

Answer 71

great vessels

Question 72

what is found in the middle mediastinum

Answer 72

heart

Question 73

what is found in the anterior mediastinum

Answer 73

nothing

Question 74

what is found in the posterior mediastinum

Answer 74

great vessels

Question 75

2 consquences of mediastinal shift

Answer 75

hypotension due to SVC compression | tracheal deviation

Question 76

safe triangle of a chest drain

Answer 76

anterior border of latissimus dorsi axial line superior to nipple posterior border of pectoralis major