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MB1: Respiratory > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what is SPUR

A

Serious, Persistent, Unusual and Recurrent infection.

Hallmark for immune deficiency

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2
Q

what is a secondary immune disorder

A

acquired in life

common

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3
Q

what is a primary immune disorder

A

genetically acquired

rarer

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4
Q

most common complication of PID

A

respiratory diseases

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5
Q

what is the most frequent PID with sinusitis and otitis media

A

primary antibody deficiencies

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6
Q

layngeal angiodema is associated with _____

A

complement system disorders

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7
Q

what PID is associates with pneumonia

A

PAD
complement system disorders
congenital phagocytosis deficiency
combined immunodeficiences

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8
Q

what disease has a high number of precursor cells but cannot produce neutrophils

A

severe congenital neutropenia

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9
Q

SCN type 1 is autosomal ______

A

dominant

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10
Q

what PID may be associated with high neutrophil count in blood

A

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

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11
Q

What is CGD

A

chronic granulomatous disease

Inability to produce ROS/RNS

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12
Q

what type of infections do SCID patients get?

A

unusual and opportunistic pathogens

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13
Q

what is X-linked SCID

A

mutation of IL-2 receptor so t and NK cells cannot be produced

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14
Q

how is SCID treated

A 
avoidance of infection
antibiotics
antibody replacement 
stem cell transplant 
gene therapy
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15
Q

what is bruton’s X linked hypogammaglobuninaemia

A

no circulating B or plasma cells

no circulating antibodies after the first 6 months

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16
Q

infection of mycobacteria causes macrophages to secrete which interferon?

A

IL-12

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17
Q

what does IL-12 stimulate

A

secretion of IFNy by NK and TH1 to stimulate production of TNFa and NADPH oxidase

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18
Q

An immediate hypersensitivity would be classed as type ___

A

1

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19
Q

what antibody mediates type I hypersensitivity

A

IgE

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20
Q

what % of asthmatics are sensitive to aspirin and NSAIDS

A

20%

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21
Q

What theory describes the prevalence of type I hypersensitivity increasing

A

hygiene hypothesis

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22
Q

true/false - the TH2 response is better equipped for viral infecton

A

false - it is better suited for bacterial infection

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23
Q

what response occurs when the body is kept in a clean environment to prevent the immune system retraining

A

TH2 response

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24
Q

where do mast cell receptors bind to IgE

A

Fc site

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25
Q

what happens when an allergen binds to an IgE coated mast cell?

A

membrane disruption releases histamine and increases expression of cytokines and leukotrienes

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26
Q

what happens in type II hypersensitivity

A

direct cell effect

IgM/IgG target self antigen and bind to cell surface

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27
Q

what is goodpastures syndrome

A

autoimmune disease causing kidney disease and pulmonary alveolar haemorrhage

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28
Q

why is there pulmonary alveolar haemorrhage in goodpastures syndrome

A

complement overpowers human tissue cells and forms MAC, cell contents and blood in vessels leaks out

29
Q

the presence of autoreactive to __________ is a feature in goodpastures

A

a3 chain of type IV collagen in basal lamina of alveoli

30
Q

how is goodpastures treated

A

antibody removed by plasmapheresis
immunosuppression with corticosteroids
smoking cessation to remove enviromental insult

31
Q

What is type III hypersensitivity

A

immune complex deposited in blood vessels and joints

32
Q

What is an immune complex

A

soluble antigens bound to antibodies

33
Q

what happens to immune complexes when they are deposited

A

complement activation
antibody mediated phagocytosis
activation of neutrophils and macrophages

34
Q

symptoms of HP

A

Wheeze, SOB, malaise, pyrexia

35
Q

How is HP caused

A

Antigen deposits in lung and immune complex formed

complement and neutrophils activated causing inflammation and tissue damage

36
Q

treatment of HP?

A

Steroids - reduce inflammation and suppress immune system

Allergen avoidance

37
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity is a _____ type hypersensitivity

A

delayed

38
Q

what is sarcoid

A

multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology

39
Q

what is sarcoidosis characterised by

A

granulomas

40
Q

how is a granuloma formed in sarcoid

A

allergen causes activation of macrophages, CD4/8 t cells
chain of events causing TNFa and free radicals to produce inflammation
antigen fails to get cleared so granuloma formed

41
Q

treatment of sarcoid

A

watchful waiting
NSAIDS - acute onset
Systemic corticosteroids - block T cell and macrophage activation

42
Q

what is autoimmunity

A

immune responses against self

43
Q

what part of an antibody chain changes to make it specific

A

heavy chain

44
Q

what is central tolerance

A

test to determine if T cells react to self peptides - if yes then apoptosed

45
Q

what is peripheral tolerance

A

inactivation of autoreactive T cells that are in the body by regulatory t cells

46
Q

what are regulatory T cells

A

suppress hyperreactive or autoreactive T cells with inflammatory cytokines

47
Q

factors contributing to autoimmune disease

A

Genes
Environment
Super antigens
Antigen sequestriation

48
Q

How do genes contribute to autoimmune disease

A

Single genetic defects

HLA association to disease (no predisposition)

49
Q

How do super antigens contribute to autoimmune disease

A

toxic shock syndrome

Staph proteins/clostridium endotoxin reactivate autoreactive T cells inhibited by peripheral tolerance

50
Q

How does antigen sequestriation contribute to autoimmune disease

A

injury or infection causes release of self reactive antigens from places such as testis or eye

51
Q

How does the environment contribute to autoimmune disease

A

infection - acute rheumatic fever following GAS
smoking
hormone levels

52
Q

IPEX is a single gene defect. true/false

A

true

53
Q

how is IPEX treated

A

haemopoietic stem cell transplant

supportive care

54
Q

IPEX is a failure in _____ tolerance due to a mutatin in the _____ gene

A

Peripheral

FOXP3

55
Q

if a female carrier had a boy would be be affected by IPEX?

A

yes, it is X-linked

56
Q

what class I HLA is expressed on every cell surface

A

HLA-A
HLA-B
HLA-C

57
Q

What is graves disease

A

autoantibodies binding to TSH receptor causing hyperthyroidism

58
Q

what hypersensitivity class is graves disease

A

Type II (type V as so unusual)

59
Q

SLE is a type ____ hypersensitivity

A

III

60
Q

why should those with SLE not sunbathe?

A

increases formation of deposition in tissues

61
Q

in a primary infection when do clinical features present

A

after IgM spike and before/during IgG

62
Q

are there generally clinical manifestations in secondary infection

A

no

63
Q

vaccines cause the production of _____ from naive B and T cells

A

memory cells

64
Q

true/false - memory cells require co-stimulation

A

false - they can differentiate immediately on antigen stimulation

65
Q

What is active immunity

A

protection by persons immune system, usually permanent

66
Q

What is passive immunity

A

protection transferred from one to another that fades over time
Antibodies in breast milk/placental antibodies

67
Q

What is an inactivated vaccine

A

killed pathogens that are inserted into host, do not make memory T cells and need boosters

68
Q

what is a live attenuated vaccine

A

life long vaccination that inserts a weakened pathogen to make memory cells
it can cause disease in immunocompromised host

69
Q

where is the flu vaccine made

A

inside eggs

MB1: Respiratory (15 decks)

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