Immunology Flashcards by Jamie Craig

what is SPUR

Serious, Persistent, Unusual and Recurrent infection.

Hallmark for immune deficiency

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what is a secondary immune disorder

acquired in life

common

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what is a primary immune disorder

genetically acquired

rarer

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most common complication of PID

respiratory diseases

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what is the most frequent PID with sinusitis and otitis media

primary antibody deficiencies

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layngeal angiodema is associated with _____

complement system disorders

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what PID is associates with pneumonia

PAD
complement system disorders
congenital phagocytosis deficiency
combined immunodeficiences

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what disease has a high number of precursor cells but cannot produce neutrophils

severe congenital neutropenia

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SCN type 1 is autosomal ______

dominant

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what PID may be associated with high neutrophil count in blood

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

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What is CGD

chronic granulomatous disease

Inability to produce ROS/RNS

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what type of infections do SCID patients get?

unusual and opportunistic pathogens

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what is X-linked SCID

mutation of IL-2 receptor so t and NK cells cannot be produced

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how is SCID treated

avoidance of infection
antibiotics
antibody replacement 
stem cell transplant 
gene therapy

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what is bruton’s X linked hypogammaglobuninaemia

no circulating B or plasma cells

no circulating antibodies after the first 6 months

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infection of mycobacteria causes macrophages to secrete which interferon?

IL-12

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what does IL-12 stimulate

secretion of IFNy by NK and TH1 to stimulate production of TNFa and NADPH oxidase

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An immediate hypersensitivity would be classed as type ___

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what antibody mediates type I hypersensitivity

IgE

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what % of asthmatics are sensitive to aspirin and NSAIDS

20%

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What theory describes the prevalence of type I hypersensitivity increasing

hygiene hypothesis

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true/false - the TH2 response is better equipped for viral infecton

false - it is better suited for bacterial infection

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what response occurs when the body is kept in a clean environment to prevent the immune system retraining

TH2 response

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where do mast cell receptors bind to IgE

Fc site

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what happens when an allergen binds to an IgE coated mast cell?

membrane disruption releases histamine and increases expression of cytokines and leukotrienes

what happens in type II hypersensitivity

direct cell effect | IgM/IgG target self antigen and bind to cell surface

what is goodpastures syndrome

autoimmune disease causing kidney disease and pulmonary alveolar haemorrhage

why is there pulmonary alveolar haemorrhage in goodpastures syndrome

complement overpowers human tissue cells and forms MAC, cell contents and blood in vessels leaks out

the presence of autoreactive to __________ is a feature in goodpastures

a3 chain of type IV collagen in basal lamina of alveoli

how is goodpastures treated

antibody removed by plasmapheresis immunosuppression with corticosteroids smoking cessation to remove enviromental insult

What is type III hypersensitivity

immune complex deposited in blood vessels and joints

What is an immune complex

soluble antigens bound to antibodies

what happens to immune complexes when they are deposited

complement activation antibody mediated phagocytosis activation of neutrophils and macrophages

symptoms of HP

Wheeze, SOB, malaise, pyrexia

How is HP caused

Antigen deposits in lung and immune complex formed | complement and neutrophils activated causing inflammation and tissue damage

treatment of HP?

Steroids - reduce inflammation and suppress immune system | Allergen avoidance

Type IV hypersensitivity is a _____ type hypersensitivity

delayed

what is sarcoid

multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology

what is sarcoidosis characterised by

granulomas

how is a granuloma formed in sarcoid

allergen causes activation of macrophages, CD4/8 t cells chain of events causing TNFa and free radicals to produce inflammation antigen fails to get cleared so granuloma formed

treatment of sarcoid

watchful waiting NSAIDS - acute onset Systemic corticosteroids - block T cell and macrophage activation

what is autoimmunity

immune responses against self

what part of an antibody chain changes to make it specific

heavy chain

what is central tolerance

test to determine if T cells react to self peptides - if yes then apoptosed

what is peripheral tolerance

inactivation of autoreactive T cells that are in the body by regulatory t cells

what are regulatory T cells

suppress hyperreactive or autoreactive T cells with inflammatory cytokines

factors contributing to autoimmune disease

Genes Environment Super antigens Antigen sequestriation

How do genes contribute to autoimmune disease

Single genetic defects | HLA association to disease (no predisposition)

How do super antigens contribute to autoimmune disease

toxic shock syndrome | Staph proteins/clostridium endotoxin reactivate autoreactive T cells inhibited by peripheral tolerance

How does antigen sequestriation contribute to autoimmune disease

injury or infection causes release of self reactive antigens from places such as testis or eye

How does the environment contribute to autoimmune disease

infection - acute rheumatic fever following GAS smoking hormone levels

IPEX is a single gene defect. true/false

true

how is IPEX treated

haemopoietic stem cell transplant | supportive care

IPEX is a failure in _____ tolerance due to a mutatin in the _____ gene

Peripheral | FOXP3

if a female carrier had a boy would be be affected by IPEX?

yes, it is X-linked

what class I HLA is expressed on every cell surface

HLA-A HLA-B HLA-C

What is graves disease

autoantibodies binding to TSH receptor causing hyperthyroidism

what hypersensitivity class is graves disease

Type II (type V as so unusual)

SLE is a type ____ hypersensitivity

III

why should those with SLE not sunbathe?

increases formation of deposition in tissues

in a primary infection when do clinical features present

after IgM spike and before/during IgG

are there generally clinical manifestations in secondary infection

vaccines cause the production of _____ from naive B and T cells

memory cells

true/false - memory cells require co-stimulation

false - they can differentiate immediately on antigen stimulation

What is active immunity

protection by persons immune system, usually permanent

What is passive immunity

protection transferred from one to another that fades over time Antibodies in breast milk/placental antibodies

What is an inactivated vaccine

killed pathogens that are inserted into host, do not make memory T cells and need boosters

what is a live attenuated vaccine

life long vaccination that inserts a weakened pathogen to make memory cells it can cause disease in immunocompromised host

where is the flu vaccine made

inside eggs