Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 1 HLB Respiratory > Respiratory Histopathology > Flashcards

Respiratory Histopathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the conducting system of the respiratory system?

A
  • airways starting at nasal cavity - ends at terminal bronchioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

A
  • starts at respiratory bronchioles - ends at the alveoli sacs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the conducting system that they must ensure happens to air in the respiratory system?

A
  • clean air - warm air - protect airways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cells lines the conducting system of the respiratory system?

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells line the membranes of the conducting system of the respiratory system, but what fills the rest of the airways?

A
  • lamina propria - made of loose connective tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells line the membranes supported by loose connective tissue called the lamina propria in the conducting system of the respiratory system, but what are the other 3 main aspects found within the lamina propria?

A
  • blood vessels
  • mucous glands
  • serous glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do serous glands secrete in conducting system of the respiratory system?

A
  • proteins in a less viscous solution than mucous glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the muscociliary escalator?

A
  • interplay between mucous and ciliary in airways - remove debris, pathogens etc… - can be damaged in lung disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the Olfactory Epithelium located?

A
  • in the roof of the nasal cavity
  • olfactory = means smell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sustentacular cells line the Olfactory Epithelium, what are Sustentacular cells?

A
  • a form of epithelial cell
  • act as metabolic and structural support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the terminal bar in the Olfactory Epithelium?

A
  • junctional complex connecting adjacent epithelial cells on the lateral surface
  • examples include zonula occludens and zonula adherens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a Bowmans gland located in the Olfactory Epithelium?

A
  • mucosubstance secreting gland
  • secrete mucous or serrous fluid
  • secretes onto luminal/apical surface of the olfactory epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the basal cells of the Olfactory Epithelium?

A
  • epithelial basal cells
  • able to differentiate into sustentacular or olfactory cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the purpose of the sustentacular cells microvillia located in the Olfactory Epithelium?

A
  • increase surface are of the Olfactory Epithelium
  • they hold onto smell molecules until can bind with olefactory cilia
  • microvillia like in the GIT, but here they are motile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the olfactory receptor cells of the Olfactory Epithelium?

A
  • form of epithelial cell
  • capable of binding odour molecules involved in smell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the end of the olfactory receptor cells inside the olfactory epithelium called?

A
  • olfactory knob
  • attaches to nerve fibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the name given to the cilia located at the end of the olfactory receptor cells facing the lumen of the nasal cavity?

A
  • olfactory cilia that bind odur molecules
  • non motile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 major parts of the olfactory receptor cells, beginning with the basal side of the cell?

A

1 - olfactory receptor cell

2 - olfactory knob

3 - olfactory cilia (attached to olfactory knob)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is special about the end of the olfactory receptor cells based in the basal aspects of the cell?

A
  • attached to olfactory bulb
  • olfactory bulb attached to olfactory nerve fibres
  • provide information to brain about smell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where in the lungs does gas exchange take place?

A
  • anywhere beyond the terminal bronchioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Clara cells?

A
  • form of epithelial cell
  • non ciliated cells
  • act as a stem cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are Clara cells generally found?

A
  • distal respiratory bronchioles
  • terminal and respiratory bronchioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What 2 things do Clare cells secrete?

A
  • part of surfactant
  • enzymes able to detoxify noxious substances
24
Q

What are the 3 main components of the alveoli?

A

1 - single layer of epithelial cells

2 - supporting tissue (elastic+collagenous fibres and the occasional fibroblast)

3 - blood vessels

25
Q

What are pneuomcytes?

A
  • pneumo = lungs - cells of the alveoli
26
Q

What are the 2 types of pneuomcytes of the alveoli?

A
  • type 1 = squamous epithelial cells acting as a barrier
  • type 2 = cuboidal epithelial cells secreting surfactant
27
Q

Are there more type 1 or 2 pneuomcytes in the alveoli?

A
  • type 1, but type 2 are a lot bigger
28
Q

What are the pores of Kohn?

A
  • holes in adjacent alveoli - connection between alveoli
29
Q

What are the benefits of the pores of Kohn?

A
  • allow air to move between alveoli - maintain homeostasis
30
Q

What are the risks of the pores of Kohn?

A
  • allow infection spread between alveoli
31
Q

What term is used to describe patients who are prone to the triad of asthma, eczema and hayfever?

A
  • atopic
32
Q

What does paroxysmal mean?

A
  • sudden short attacks of a symptom or condition
33
Q

What is the main cause of COPD?

A
  • smoking
34
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A
  • chronic irritation of bronchial mucosa
35
Q

What is the clinical diagnosis of chronic bronchitis?

A
  • sputum production most days
  • >3months for 2 consecutive years
36
Q

In chronic bronchitis what happens to the bronchial mucosa?

A
  • becomes thickened
  • form of COPD so obstructive lung disease
37
Q

What are some common causes of chronic irritation involved in chronic bronchitis?

A
  • smoking (main cause)
  • pollutants
  • recurrent infection
38
Q

What are the most common changes to the bronchi in chronic bronchitis and chronic asthma?

A
  • inflammatory cells infiltrate submucosa
  • hypertrophy of smooth muscle
  • mucosal cell hyperplasia and ⬆️ mucus production
  • squamous cells metaplasia (columnar change to sqaumous)
39
Q

What is emphysema?

A
  • chronic irritation and inflammation of respiratory zone
  • permanent enlargement of respiratory zone
  • form of COPD
40
Q

How does emphysema cause a permanent enlargement of the respiratory zone?

A
  • alveoli can collapse, narrow and generally not function
  • ⬇️ surface area
  • air sacs merge and form bullae
41
Q

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

A
  • scarring of the lungs
  • restrictive lung disease
42
Q

What happens to the alveolar walls in pulmonary fibrosis?

A
  • ⬆️ thickness due to collagen deposition
  • ⬆️ fibrosis
  • ⬆️ in type 2 pneuomcytes
43
Q

What is pneumoconioses, also known as occupational lung disease?

A
  • interstitial lung damage caused by irritants
  • generally inorganic dusts
  • can cause fibrosis
44
Q

What does pneumoconioses, also known as occupational lung disease do to the interstitial aspects of the lungs?

A
  • fibrosis in lungs
  • ⬆️ thickness of interstitial space
  • ⬇️ perfusion
45
Q

Silica dust has been shown to cause pneumoconioses, also known as occupational lung disease. What happens to the macrophages in patients who inhale silica dust for long periods?

A
  • phagocytosed by macrophages
  • formation of granuloma like masses around macrophage containing silica
  • macrophages containing silica induce fibrotic reactions
  • nodules form of collagenous tissue
46
Q

Why is asbestos so dangerous?

A
  • small like fibres can enter airways
  • coated with proteinaceous material forming asbestos bodies
  • macrophages and giant cells infiltrate and cause fibrosis
47
Q

What is the most common cancer in patients exposed to long term asbestos?

A
  • mesothelioma
48
Q

What are the 2 groups of lung cancer/neoplasms?

A
  • small cell lung carcinoma
  • non-small cell lung carcinoma
49
Q

What % of lung cancer/neoplasms are caused by - small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma?

A
  • small cell lung carcinoma = 20%
  • non-small cell lung carcinoma = 80%
50
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of non-small cell lung carcinoma?

A

1 - squamous cell carcinoma

2 - adenocarcinoma

3 - large cell carcinoma

51
Q

Are benign tumours in the lungs common?

A
  • no
  • they are rare
52
Q

What cells do small cell lung carcinomas generally originate from?

A
  • neuroendocrine cells that differentiate
53
Q

On histology how do small cell lung carcinomas appear?

A
  • darkly stained
  • crushed and tightly packed together
54
Q

Is small cell lung carcinomas responsive to treatment?

A
  • yes
  • generally too late to treat when diagnosed though
  • highly malignant and metastasised
55
Q

Squamous cell carcinomas are a form of non-small cell lung carcinomas, where do they generally start?

A
  • affect squamous cells
  • main bronchi
56
Q
A

Year 1 HLB Respiratory (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions