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Year 1 HLB Respiratory > Fundamentals of Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the respiratory tract?

A
  • nasal cavity down to the alveoli
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2
Q

What makes up the thorax?

A
  • ribs cage - sternum (manubrium, body and xiphoid process) - thorax cavity - mediastinum
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3
Q

What are the 2 major functions of the respiratory tract?

A

1 - air distribution 2 - gas exchange

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4
Q

Air distribution is one of the 2 major functions of the respiratory tract, what part of the lungs does it not distribute air to?

A
  • below terminal bronchi - alveoli - this is where gas exchange takes place
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5
Q

How does respiratory tract contribute to cleaning air that enter inside?

A
  • air enters into nasal cavity - air hits turbinates and is pushed into walls - walls contain mucus layer that cleans air
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6
Q

The paranasal cavities in the cranium contributes towards sound production, what are the paranasal cavities?

A
  • air filled cavities that sound bounces off - creates an echo of the voice
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7
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase?

A
  • reversible enzyme - able to turn carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H20) into sodium bicarbonate (HCO3-) and H+
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8
Q

How does carbonic anhydrase maintain blood pH in relation to the lungs?

A
  • if acidosis body senses this - respiratory rate increases removing CO2 - more sodium bicarbonate remains in blood lowering the pH
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9
Q

There are the 3 components outside of the thorax that make up the upper respiratory tract, what are they? (hint: NPL).

A

1 - nose including the nasal cavity 2 - pharynx 3 - larynx

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10
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

1 - nasopharynx 2 - oropharynx 3 - laryngopharynx

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11
Q

The nasopharynx is one of the 3 parts of the pharynx, what is it?

A
  • where the pharynx meets the back of the nose
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12
Q

The oropharynx is one of the 3 parts of the pharynx, what is it?

A
  • where the pharynx meets the back of the oral cavity
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13
Q

What are the main components of the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • everything within the thorax - trachea - lungs - bronchial tree - diaphragm
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14
Q

Where are ala (meaning wings) located in the nose?

A
  • ala = latin word for wings - located on both sides of the nose - they surround the nostrils
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15
Q

What are ala of the nose made out of?

A
  • hyaline cartilage
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16
Q

What is the nasal septum?

A
  • hyaline cartilage - separates left and right nostrils
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17
Q

The laryngopharynx is one of the 3 parts of the pharynx, what is it?

A
  • point where the larynx and pharynx meet
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18
Q

What are turbinates?

A
  • bony projections covered in mucus - found laterally in the nasal cavity
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19
Q

How many pairs of turbinates are there in the nasal cavity?

A
  • 3 - inferior, medial and superior
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20
Q

What is the function of the turbinates in the nasal cavity?

A
  • deflect air onto epithelial cells - warms and cleans the air
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21
Q

Where are the anterior (frontal) nares of the nose located?

A
  • externally on the nose - opening of the nose, nostrils
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22
Q

Where are the posteior (back) nares of the nose located?

A
  • opening between the nose and pharynx - allows air to flow from nasal cavity into pharynx
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23
Q

Where are vestibules located in the nasal cavity?

A
  • the most anterior part of the internal nasal cavity - first opening just inside the nose
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24
Q

What type of cells line the vestibules in the nasal cavity and what is their function?

A
  • continuation of skin squamous stratified epithelial cells - covered in vibrissae (hairs) to filter air
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25
Q

What is a mucosa?

A
  • a single cell layered membrane on internal organs
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26
Q

What is the main cell type of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelial cells
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27
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the mucosa in the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • warm air - filter air using mucosa and cilia of mucosa
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28
Q

The nose has a rich supply of blood, what does this do to the air as it enters the nasal cavity?

A
  • warms the air
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29
Q

There are the 4 different paranasal sinuses? (hint: FEMS)

A

1 - Frontal 2 - Ethmoid 3 - Maxillary 4 - Sphenoid

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30
Q

Where is the pair of frontal paranasal cavities found?

A
  • start above the nose medially
  • move outwards over the eyes
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31
Q

Where is the pair of maxillary paranasal cavities found?

A
  • laterally on both side of the nose (both sides)
  • inferior to the eyes
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32
Q

Where is the pair of ethmoid paranasal cavities found?

A
  • inside the ethmoid bones
  • superior to the maxillary sinus
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33
Q

Where is the pair of sphenoid paranasal cavities found?

A
  • in the sphenoid bone
  • located posterior to the ethmoid sinus
  • back of the throat
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34
Q

If we have a cold or infection, and our paranasal cavities become inflamed and blocked with mucus, what does that do to out breathing and voice?

A
  • changes tone of voice - ⬇️ airflow to lower respirator tract
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35
Q

What are the paranasal cavities lined with?

A
  • pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelial cells - mucous
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36
Q

When babies are born, in addition to weak neck muscles, why do babies struggle to lift their heads?

A
  • the paranasal cavities are not hollow - cranium is therefore heavier
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37
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A
  • inferior to the pharynx - superior to the trachea - C3-C6
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38
Q

Which vertebrae is the larynx normally located against?

A
  • C3-C6
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39
Q

What is the larynx commonly referred to as?

A
  • the voice box
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40
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the larynx?

A
  • sound production - stop food entering lungs
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41
Q

What 2 pipes does the larynx split into?

A

1 - trachea 2 - oesophagus

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42
Q

What are the 3 main components of the larynx?

A

1 - smooth muscle 2 - hyaline cartilage 3 - ligaments

43
Q

What are the vocal cords of the larynx?

A
  • smooth muscle forming a triangle - open when breathing - closed when talking (no breathing when talking)
44
Q

How does the larynx ensure food does not enter the lungs?

A
  • swallowing action causes the larynx to elevate - elevation causes the epiglottis to fold over trachea
45
Q

What is the main role of the extrinsic muscles in the larynx?

A
  • change the shape of the larynx - important for eating
46
Q

What is the main role of the intrinsic muscles in the larynx?

A
  • change tension in the vocal cords - important for the voice
47
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • trachea - bronchial tree - lungs - alveoli
48
Q

What is the trachea made up of?

A
  • around 15-20 C shaped rings
49
Q

What are the C shaped rings of the trachea composed of?

A
  • hyaline cartilage forming a C - attached by smooth muscle
50
Q

How wide is the trachea, generally?

A
  • 2.5cm in diameter
51
Q

What is the posterior surface of the trachea called?

A
  • smooth muscle called the trachealis
52
Q

What is the cell type of the trachea?

A
  • pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelial cells
53
Q

Where does the trachea end?

A
  • at the carina
54
Q

What is the carina?

A
  • bottom of trachea - trachea bifurcates into left and right primary bronchii
55
Q

Which part of the sternum does the carina align with?

A
  • sternal angle/angle of louis
56
Q

What is a tracheotomy?

A
  • incision into anterior trachea to open airway - incision is made between cartilaginous rings
57
Q

Where would the best place for a tracheotomy be?

A
  • too high and could damage thyroid and/or vocal cords - 2 fingers above sternal/jugular notch
58
Q

When children swallow foreign bodes, such as coins, why do they tend to collect in the right primary bronchii?

A
  • the right primary bronchii is in alignment with trachea - left primary bronchii has an arch
59
Q

In the respiratory tract, what are the components of the conducting zone?

A
  • nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles - function is to move air into respiratory tract
60
Q

In the respiratory tract, what is the main function of the respiratory zone?

A
  • gaseous exchange
61
Q

In the respiratory tract, what are the components of the respiratory zone?

A
  • respiratory brochioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - alveoli
62
Q

What is the flow of air through the conducting zone?

A
  • nasal/oral cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - primary brochioles - secondary brochioles - tertiary brochioles - smaller brochioles - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles
63
Q

What is included as part of the thoracic wall and cavity?

A
  • ribs (including all the joints at sternum and vertebrae) - sternum (including all the joints with ribs)
64
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the thoracic wall and cavity?

A

1 - involved in phases of respiration 2 - increases thorax capacity 3 - movement of the ribs

65
Q

What are the 2 phases of breathing?

A

1 - inspiration 2 - expiration

66
Q

During inspiration what happens to the diaphragm?

A
  • moves from curved to a flatter appearance - aim is to increase capacity in thoracic cavity
67
Q

What is pump handle movement involved in respiration?

A
  • movement predominantly affects the thoracic cavity at the front - movement resembles a handle being lifted up
68
Q

What joints in the vertebrae are involved in the pump and bucket handle movement?

A
  • costovertebral joints - costotransverse joints
69
Q

What joints in the sternum are involved in the pump handle movement?

A
  • sternal angle/angle of louis
  • costrochondral joints
  • ribs 2-7 attachments to sternum
70
Q

What is the movement of the ribs from the vertebrae?

A
  • abduction during inspiration - adduction during expiration
71
Q

Does the pump handle movement increase thoracic capacity anterior, posterior or laterally?

A
  • increased anterior and posterior diameter
72
Q

What is bucket handle movement involved in respiration?

A
  • movement predominantly affects the thoracic cavity laterally - movement resembles a bucket handle being lifted up and away
73
Q

What plane of motion does the bucket handle movement increase thoracic capacity?

A
  • increased transverse diameter
74
Q

What happens to intrathoracic pressure when we inspire?

A
  • it reduces allows air to move down gradient
  • atmospheric = 760mmHg
  • intrapulmonary = 759mmHg
  • during expiration they swap over
75
Q

What has to change shape in order for the vertical capacity of the thoracic cavity to increase?

A
  • left and right domes of the diaphragm contract - diaphragm flattens increasing vertical capacity
76
Q

What does elastic recoil mean?

A
  • ability of lungs to return to their pre inhalation position - elastic fibres of lungs facilitates this
77
Q

What does elasticity refer to in relation to the respiratory tract?

A
  • the resistance to being stretched - important for exhalation
78
Q

What does compliance refer to in relation to the respiratory tract?

A
  • the ability of the lungs to expand - important for inhalation
79
Q

How does the diaphragm contribute to passive expiration?

A
  • the diaphragm relaxes, returning to its domed position - the domes compress the lungs forcing air out
80
Q

What happens to the abdominal muscles during inspiration and expiration?

A
  • inspiration = relax allowing diaphragm to move down - expiration = contract, pushing diaphgram back up
81
Q

Which part of the nervous system controls lung capacity?

A
  • autonomic - para and sympathetic
82
Q

What are the 3 different types of intercostal muscles?

A
  • internal = point IN towards heart
  • external = point externally towards pockets
  • innermost
83
Q

When would the intercostal muscles be predominantly used in inspiration and expiration?

A
  • required when breathing is heavy - disease and/or exercise
84
Q

Which muscle is sufficient to maintain a resting respiratory rate?

A
  • diaphragm
85
Q

What is the central tendon in relation to the diaphragm?

A
  • the main tendon of the diaphragm
86
Q

What are the 3 main places the central tendon attaches to?

A

1 - lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

2 - xiphoid process

3 - costal cartilage of the ribs (ribs 6-12)

87
Q

What does the central tendon fuse with in the mediastinum?

A
  • inferior surface of the pericardium
88
Q

What is the caval hiatus in the diaphragm?

A
  • an opening in diaphragm
  • caval = cava
  • inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve pass through
89
Q

What is the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm?

A
  • opening in the diaphragm - oesophagus and vagus nerve pass through
90
Q

What is the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm?

A
  • aorta passed through
91
Q

What does phrenic relate to in the respiratory tract?

A
  • relates to the diaphragm
92
Q

What is the crura of the diaphragm?

A
  • mean root in latin
  • attachment site of central tendon to the vertebrae
93
Q

Where do the internal thoracic arteries supply blood to?

A
  • the internal thoracic cavity
  • runs either side of the sternum
94
Q

What is the musculophrenic artery?

A
  • artery coming from the internal thoracic arteries
  • provides blood to 7-9th ribs
95
Q

What is the pericardioophrenic artery?

A
  • artery coming from the internal thoracic arteries
  • provide blood to pericardium and diaphragm
96
Q

Where do the pair of superior phrenic arteries come from and supply blood to?

A
  • originate at abdominal aorta after diaphragm
  • supply blood to superior aspect of diaphragm
97
Q

What are the pair of inferior phrenic arteries?

A
  • come from the abdominal aorta below diaphragm - supply blood to inferior aspect of diaphragm
98
Q

What are the 3 main cervical nerves that innervate the diaphragm, using the rhyme to help?

A
  • C3, 4 and 5 keep you alive
99
Q

In addition to innervating the diaphragm, what other part of the body do cervical C3 and 4 nerves innervate?

A
  • shoulder
100
Q

Why is it important to know that cervical nerves C3 and 4 innervate both the diaphragm and the shoulder?

A
  • it can cause deferred pain - diaphragmatic pain can be felt at tip of the shoulder - supraclavicular and phrenic nerves
101
Q

What is a hernia?

A
  • abnormal exit of a tissue from an organ
102
Q

What is a hiatus hernia?

A
  • opening in the diaphragm are affected
  • in ageing or disease the hiatus of the diaphragm do not work and tissue can protrude
103
Q

What is anatomical and functional dead space?

A
  • anatomical = no gaseous exchange takes place (conducting zone)
  • functional = part of respiratory zone is damaged and no longer perfuses air

Year 1 HLB Respiratory (25 decks)

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