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Year 1 HLB Respiratory > Dissection of the Lungs and Pleura > Flashcards

Dissection of the Lungs and Pleura Flashcards

1
Q

What fissures are in the right and left lung?

A
  • right = oblique and horizontal fissure - left = oblique fissure
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2
Q

What does the horizontal fissure separate in the right lungs?

A
  • separates right middle lobe from the right upper lobe.
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3
Q

What does the oblique fissure separate in the left and right lungs?

A
  • left = separates upper and lower lob - right = separates inferior from middle and upper lobe
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4
Q

What does the apex and base of the lung refer to?

A
  • base = bottom - apex = top
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5
Q

When performing dissection, the cadaveric lungs appear shiny, why is this?

A
  • due to visceral pleura
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6
Q

Where is the superior and inferior pulmonary vein when looking at the medial surface of the lungs?

A
  • inferior = lowest blood vessel, close to pulmonary ligament
  • superior = above inferior in the D of the hilum
  • both veins are below the pulmonary arteries
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7
Q

Where is the pulmonary artery when looking at the medial surface of the lungs?

A
  • superior to pulmonary veins
  • top of hilum
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8
Q

What are the contents of the lung root?

A
  • pulmonary veins (pair) - pulmonary arteries (pair) - nerves - principle/primary bronchi - lymphatics
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9
Q

The parietal pleura is innervated by somatic nerves, what does this mean for what the parietal pleura is able to feel?

A
  • somatic relates to senses
  • pain
  • temperature
  • irritation
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10
Q

When looking at the medial surfaces of the lungs, which lung will the impression of the aortic arch be in?

A
  • left lung
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11
Q

The visceral pleura is innervated by autonomic nerves, what does this mean for what the visceral pleura is able to feel?

A
  • stretch of the lungs only
  • Hering-Breuer reflex when tidal volume is 3 times normal
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12
Q

When looking at the medial surfaces of the lungs, which lung will the largest cardiac impression?

A
  • left lung
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13
Q

Which lung will have the impression of the inferior and superior vena cava?

A
  • right lung
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14
Q

What does the term lung root mean?

A
  • structures entering/leaving the lung
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15
Q

What does hilum refer to in the lungs?

A
  • hollow site on surface of an organ
  • allows vessels and nerves to flow in/out
  • lung root enters/leaves here
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16
Q

Why are pulmonary arteries higher than pulmonary veins in the lung root?

A
  • pulmonary arteries leave heart from pulmonary trunk
  • pulmonary veins return to left atrium
  • piulmonary trunk is higher than left atrium
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17
Q

Where is the lingula located?

A
  • left lung only - referred to as the tongue - located medial/inferior part of lung
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18
Q

On the medial surfaces of the lungs is the oesophagus impression on the left or right lung?

A
  • right lung
  • deviates to the right due to heart
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19
Q

In addition to the aortic arch impression on the left lung, what other impression, cardiac wise is visible on the left lung?

A
  • descendcing aorta
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20
Q

Which 2 cavities does the diaphragm seperate?

A
  • thoracic cavity - abdominal cavity
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21
Q

What type of muscle is the diaphragm and what nerve innervates this muscle?

A
  • skeletal muscle - phrenic nerve
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22
Q

Which spinal cord segments give rise to the phrenic nerve?

A
  • C3, 4 and 5 - keeps us alive
23
Q

How is it possible to distinguish between the phrenic and vagus nerve on an image?

A
  • vagus nerves runs posterior to base of the lung
  • phrenic nerves runs anterior to base of the lung
  • vagus tends to run closer to spinal cord
24
Q

What is the light coloured region of the diaphragm?

A
  • central tendon
25
Q

When supine (lying on your back) why does thoracic cavity capacity decrease?

A
  • organs push on diaphragm - diaphragm raises to 5th intercostal space
26
Q

When in the anatomical position is the diaphragm higher or lower in the thoracic cavity when compared to being supine?

A
  • diaphragm is lower (6-7th intercostal space) - abdominal organs drop due to gravity
27
Q

Where are the internal thoracic arteries and what do they supply?

A
  • runs on anterior of the chest
  • supplies blood to breasts, parietal pleura, sternum, pericardium and thymus
28
Q

Where are the pericardiophrenic arteries, and what do they supply?

A
  • posterior to internal thoracic arteries
  • branch of internal thoracic artery
  • aligns with phrenic nerve
  • supplies pericardium and diaphragm
29
Q

The primary/principle bronchi begins where?

A
  • carina - trachea splits into left and right here
30
Q

What is the main role of the primary/principle bronchi?

A
  • carry air from trachea to secondary bronchi
31
Q

The larynx is made up of 4 main components, what are they, and what is the order from superior to inferior?

A

1 - epiglottis

2 - thyroid cartilage /Adam’s apple

3 - cricoid cartilage

4 - tracheal rings

32
Q

What is the bone that separates the epiglottis and the thyroid cartilage?

A
  • hyoid bone - part of axial skeleton
33
Q

The parietal pleura can be divided into 4 sections depending on which part of the lungs it is facing. What are the 4 sections?

A

1 - mediastinal 2 - diaphragmatic 3 - cervical 4 - costal

34
Q

What nerves supply the costal pleura aspects of the parietal pleura?

A
  • intercostal nerves
35
Q

What nerves supply the mediastinal pleura aspects of the parietal pleura?

A
  • phrenic nerve
36
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A
  • air within the pleural space
  • causes a collapsed lung
  • sudden, generally due to traume
37
Q

Using Boyles Law (⬆️ Pressure = ⬇️ Volume) what can a pneumothorax cause in the lungs?

A
  • air in pleural space = ⬆️ pressure - ⬆️ = ⬇️ volume - ⬇️ volume could collapse the lung
38
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A
  • fluid in pleural space
39
Q

What are the 2 different types of pleural effusion?

A
  • transudate - exudate
40
Q

What does exudate mean in relation to a pleural effusion?

A
  • ex means to leave - fluid leaking out of the lung
41
Q

When analysing exudate in a pleural effusion, how would we know if the fluid was exudate and not transudate?

A
  • exude has ⬆️ protein content - exude has ⬆️ lactate dehydrogenase content
42
Q

What are some common causes of an exudate in a pleural effusion?

A
  • local effects
  • inflammatory response
  • lung cancer
  • pneumonia
  • TB and other infections
43
Q

What does transudate mean in relation to a pleural effusion?

A
  • trans means to move across - fluid leaves the lungs
44
Q

What are some common causes of an transudate in a pleural effusion?

A
  • pressure changes (hydrostatic/osmotic) - congestive heart failure - hypoalbuminemia - hypothyroidism
45
Q

What can a pleural effusion do to the lungs?

A
  • lungs space is ⬇️ due to fluid - ⬇️ lung volumes - can cause trachea deviation
46
Q

Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess, also called the costophrenic recess?

A
  • point where costal and diaphragmatic aspects of parietal pleura reflect (bend) - interior lateral aspect of parietal space
47
Q

What is the function of the costodiaphragmatic recess, also called the costophrenic recess?

A
  • dead/reserve space in thoracic cavity - allows for forced inspiration - never truly fills
48
Q

Where is the costomediastinal space?

A
  • point where costal and mediastinal aspects of parietal pleura reflect (bend)
49
Q

What is the function of the costomediastinal space?

A
  • dead/reserve space in thoracic cavity - allows for forced inspiration
50
Q

What is the anatomical landmarks on the chest that can be used to identify the oblique fissure?

A
  • 6th rib around chest wall
51
Q

If a patient has a pleural effusion or pneumothorax which needs to be drained, what is the site for this?

A
  • costodiaphragmatic recess is where fluid collects
  • the triangle of safety
  • lateral border of pec major anterior
  • lateral border of lat dorsi posteriorly
  • inferiorly, by a horizontal line from the nipple (commonly the 5th intercostal space)
52
Q

When performing a drain from the lung which part of the lung is the triangle of safety over?

A
  • costodiaphragmatic recess, also called the costophrenic recess as fluid gathers here due to gravity
53
Q

What does bronchi and bronchus mean?

A
  • bronchi = >1 - bronchus = 1
54
Q

What does oblique mean?

A
  • not running horizontal or parallel
  • runs diagonally

Year 1 HLB Respiratory (25 decks)

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