Respiratory Histology Flashcards
What is the function and anatomy of the conducting Portion of the respiratory system
Warms, filters and humidifies air
transmit to respiratory portion
No gas exchange = Anatomic dead space
Nasal cavity, Paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, trachea
Primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
Function and anatomy of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system
Pass air to alveoli for gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
What type of cells are the True vocal folds/cords
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial cell
-protects mucosa from abrasions
What type of cells is the respiratory epithelium and what are their functions
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitheliuum
-unique to respiratory tract
- protect airway via mucus production
- transport mucus up and out of the respiratory tract via cilia
What do goblet cells do in the respiratory circulation, and where are they found
synthesize and secrete mucus, via exocytosis of mucigen granules that combine with water to make mucus
organeles are found at the base of the cell
these goblet cells are found all the way down to the segmental bronchus
what are the four layers of the trachea
Mucosa: respiratory epithelium with elastic, fiber rich lamina propria, goblet cells, pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epitheliuum, Bronchi associated Lymphoid tissue
submucosa: Slightly denser connective tissue than lamina propria
Cartilaginous layer: C shaped hyaline cartilage rings
Adventitia: Trachealis Muscle and connective tissue that binds trachea to adjacent structure
-the muscle helps with breathing and opening the airway
What are the four layers and characteristics of the bronchi
Epithelia: pseudostratified columnar ciliated, cells transition to columnar, fewer goblet cells, increased elastic fibers in lamina propria
Submucosa: Loose/areolar CT, few submucosal glands, full cartilage ringstransition to irregular cartilage plates
Muscularis: continuous in larger bronchi, loosely organized in smaller bronchi
Adventitia: Moderately dense connective tissue
What are the Bronchioles layers and their characteristics
Epithelia: Large simple ciliated columnar and small simple cuboidal, few goblet cells, club cells, increased elastic fibers
Muscularis: Prominant smooth muscle
No submucosa
No Cartilage
What are Club cells
Non-ciliated dome shaped cells
they secrete a lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion w/airway collapse during expiration
Detoxification of inhaled materials
secrete antimicrobial peptides
What are the Terminal bronchioles layers and their characteristics
Epithelia: simple cuboidal epithelium w/ Club cells
increased elastic fibers
Muscularis: 1-2 layers mooth muscle
What are the Respiratory Bronchiole Layers and their characteristics
Epithelia: simple cuboidal epithelium with Club cells
-Elastic fibers
Muscularis: smooth muscle
First part of the respiratory portion
What are Alveolar sacs
2+ clusters of alveoli
what type of cell is the alveoli
simple squamous epithelium
What are Alveolar rings
Aggregates of smooth muscle, collagen and elastic fibers, that form rings around alveolar ducts
what are the two types of cells that make up Alveoli and what are their function
Type I Pneumocytes: squamous
- line all of alveolar surface
- create surface for gas exchange that is closely associated with capillaries
Type II Pneumocytes: Cuboidal/rounded
- secrete surfactant that reduces the surface tension within the alveoli, preventing collapse during respiration
- secreted via exocytosis
- also considered a precursor for type I and II pneumocytes
what covers the Parietal and Visceral pleurae
a flattened mesothelium
which is an underlying fibrous tissue of collagen and elastin fibers
-contains extensive lymphatic vessels
What are the three components that keep the blood-air barrier
2-3 highly attenuated thin cells lining alveolus (Type I pneumocyte)
Fused basal laminae of these cells and the endothelial cells of the capillaries
Capillary endothelial cells
What is asthma
Chronic inflammatory disease involving the airways
sudden constriction of smooth muscle in bronchioles
-bronchospasm
infiltration of bronchiolar wall by eosinophils, lymphocytes and mast cells
Thick bronchiolar epithelium with increased goblet cells and hyperplastic smooth muscle cells and a thicker basement membrane
symptoms: Dyspnea, wheezing, productive cough
Emphysema
Permanent Enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchiole
- chronic obstruction of airflow due to narrowing of bronchioles
- accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls
Significant loss of gas exchange due to decreased surface area
caused by smoking cigarettes
chronic inhalation of particulate material
Genetic (autoimmune)
symptoms: Dyspnea, cough, weight loss
Pneumonia
Inflammation of lung tissue
air spaces are filled with exudate containing WBCs, RBCs, and fibrin
-lung tissue gets a red hepatization and looks like the liver
Enlarged capillaries congested with RBC
lack of airspaces and heavy presence of exudate
Symptoms:
-fever chills, productive cough
decreased breath sounds and crackles in lung
