Cardiology CPR Flashcards
what is the flow of both systemic and pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary:
suuperior and inferior vena cava to the Right atrium then through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle then out of the heart through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary arteries to the lungs then back from the lungs via the the pulmonary veins
Systemetic: blood from the left atrium past the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle then past the aortic valve into the aorta and through the atrial system, through the capillaries, and back via the venous system and into the heart via the inferior and superior vena cava
What are the four layers of of heart tissue
Epicardium (outermost layer and made up of Visceral serous pericardium)
Myocardium (thick muscular layer made up of spiriling overlapping layers of cardiac muscle)
Endocardium (thin internal endothelial and subendothelial layer lining the inside chambers of the heart and valves)
Fibrous skeleton of the heart (dense collagenous fibers)
What are the 4 functions of the Fibrous skeleton of the heart
Produces attachment points for the myocardium
Produces attachment points for the valves of the cuspid valves
Supports and strengthens the atrioventricukar and semilunar orifices
Provides an electrically insulated barrier between the atria and the ventricles
Myocardial Infraction
Lack of blood flow to a specific area of the myocardium usually the result of a blockage in a coronary A
can be caused by coronary atherosclerosis thus decresing the size of the vessels
Angina Pectoris
Pain that originates in the heart that produces a strangling pain of the chest
usually due to a obstructed coronary arteries that produces ischemia
What are the three surfaces and 4 borders of the Heart
Surfaces:
- Sternocostal (right ventricle)
- Diaphragmatic (right and left ventricles)
- Pulmonary (paired, right atrium and left ventricle occupying the cardiac impression on both lungs)
Borders:
- Right (right atrium)
- Inferior (right ventricle)
- Left (left ventricle)
- Superior (right and left atria and the exit point for the aorta and pulmonary trunk)
what are the 4 grooves of the heart and what do they house
Right Atrioventricular groove: btwn right atrium and ventricle, transmits the right coronary A
Left atrioventricular groove: btwn the left atrium and ventricle, transmits the coronary sinus
Anterior interventricular groove: between the right and left ventricles on anterior aspect, transmits the anterior and interventricular A and great cardiac V
Posterior interventricular groove: btwn the right and left ventricles on the posterior aspect, transmits the posterior interventricular A and middle cardiac V
What is the sulcus terminalis
External vertical groove corresponding to the internal Crista terminalis
What is the Ligmentum Arteriosum
travels from the superior aspect of the pulmonary trunk to the inferior concave border of the Aortic Arch
it is the adult remnant of the Embryological Ductus Arteriosus which shunts the blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta to bypass the nonfunctional lungs
the left recurrent laryngeal N of the vagusloops around the Aortic Arch and Ligmentum arteriosum
What are the Five Internal features of the Right Atrium
Sinus Venarum (smooth thin wall where the venae Cavae and coronary sinus empty)
Pectinate Muscle (Rough muscular wall, has a right Auricle)
Crista Terminalis (internal ridge separating the smooth and rough regions)
Interatrial septum (wall between the two atria, contains the Fossa Ovalis, remnants of the Foramen Ovalis)
Opening for the Coronary Sinus
Atrial Septal Defects
usually involves an incomplete closure of the Foramen Ovalis
allowing for mixture of oxygen rich and Oxygen depleted blood
What is the name of the passage between the Right Atrium to the right Ventricle and what is the valve that allows this
Right Atrioventricular Orifice
the Valve is the Tricuspid Valve
what are the 4 internal features of the Right Ventricle
Tricuspid Valve
Trabecula Carnae: rough muscular region
-contains the Septomarginal Trabeculum (Moderator band that travels from the Interventricular septum to the Anterior papillary M
Conus Arteriosus: smooth walled and leads into the pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary Valve: Semilunar valve that has a right, left, and anterior cusps
-Pulmonary sinuses
What are the name of the three cusps of the tricuspid valve and their corresponding Papillary muscles
Anterior cusp: Anterior papillary muscle
Posterior Cusp: Posterior Papillary Muscle
Septal cusp: Septal Papillary Muscle
all of these are joined together by Chordae Tendineae
Cardiac Catheterization
insertion of a catheter into the femoral vein that passes up into the Inferior Vena Cava to visualize the heart and the pulmonary circulation
what are the three internal features of the left atrium
Left auricle (contains pectinate M)
Openings for the 4 Pulmonary Veins
Interatrial septum
what is the name of the passage between the Left atrium and left ventricle and the valve that is associated with the opening
Left atrioventricular Orifice (passage from the left atrium to the left ventricle)
Bicuspid Valve
What are the five internal features of the left ventricle
Bicuspid (Mitral valve)
Trabecula Carnae (rough muscular region)
Aortic Vestibule (smooth wall leading into the ascending aorta
Interventricular septum (mycardial wall separating the two ventricles
Aortic valve: semilunar valve
-aortic sinuses to drain into the coronary arteries
What are the two cusps of the bicuspid valve and what are their corresponding muscles
Anterior cusp: Anterior papillary muscle
Posterior cusp: Posterior papillary muscle
all connected by Chordae Tendineae
Ventricular Septal Defects
openings in the ventricular septum allowing for the mixture of oxygenated and non oxygenated blood
What is the conducting system of the heart
Cardiac muscle cells
specialized conducting fibers and two bundles of nodal tissue responsible for coordinating the cardiac Cycle
Sinuatrial Node
located in the mycocardium where the superior vena cava meets the right atrium
these specialized cardiac muscle fobers initiate and regulate impulses that propagates through the atrial walls via the Myogenic conduction, thus producing Diastole
it is the pacemaker of the heart
Atrioventricular Node
Small bundle of specialized Cardia muscle fibers located in the Interatrial Septum near the opening for the Coronary sinus
this responds to the impulse from the Sinuatrial node that is distributed through the wall of the atrium and distributes that signal through the ventricles
sends signal through the Atrioventricular bundle
and the Subendocardial Branches
Atrial Cardiac Pacemaker
Produces a regular electrical impulse that is carried to the ventricles via electrodes into the Endocardium of the Trabecula Carnae of the right ventricle
