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Pharmacology > Respiratory Drugs > Flashcards

Respiratory Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mucociliary apparatus?

A

combination of mucus and cilia

trachea and bronchioles line with sticky mucus > mucus gets swept upwards by cilia in resp tract > mucus and trapped particles are then coughed up and expelled

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2
Q

What is a productive cough?

A

cough that produces mucus and inflammatory products

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3
Q

What should be avoided in patients with a productive cough and why?

A

antitussives because it is important that the mucus is coughed up out of the lungs

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4
Q

What is inspissated mucus?

A

dry, sticky mucus that may accompany bronchitis (non productive)

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5
Q

What is a non productive cough?

A

dry, hacking cough with no mucus production

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6
Q

What is something to note in a patient with a non productive cough?

A

replace fluids in dehydrated animal before deciding to use antitussives > once rehydrated a NPC could become PC

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7
Q

What is Cor Pulmonale?

A

describes pulmonary disease that can cause cardiac disease (chronic severe asthma may interfere with oxygen supply to heart)

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8
Q

What are mucolytics?

A

A class of drugs used to break up and thin mucus to make it easier to expel - lyse mucous and decrease viscosity

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9
Q

What are expectorants?

A

drugs that increase fluidity of the mucus - easier to move mucus up from LRT

increase liquid secretions of cells of the respiratory tract

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10
Q

What are the 3 main principles of respiratory therapy?

A
  1. control of secretions (decreasing production OR increasing elimination)
  2. control of reflexes (coughing, sneezing, bronchospasms)
  3. maintaining normal airflow to alveoli
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11
Q

How do antitussives work?

A

stop or decrease coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the “cough center” (medulla of brain) - stimulated by irritation of cough receptors in larynx, trachea & bronchi

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12
Q

When should we use antitussives?

A

dry, hacking coughs (tracheitis)
uncomplicated tracheobronchitis (KC)
Collapsing trachea

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13
Q

When should we not use antitussives?

A

Productive cough
Chronic bronchitis when the mucociliary apparatus cannot move the inspissated mucus

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14
Q

What are the 2 main categories of antitussives?

A

Centrally acting - suppress cough center in brain
Locally acting - directly soothes irritated respiratory mucosa (not used much in VM, won’t suck on lozenges)

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15
Q

What is butorphanol used for?

A

Centrally acting cough suppressant, causes little sedation

Butorphanol

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16
Q

What are the properties of hydrocodone and what do we use it for?

A

Human drug - ELDU
Narcotic - more potent than butorphanol and codeine
Can cause sedation and constipation
OD can cause severe resp and cardio depression

Used as an antitussive

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17
Q

What is codeine?

A

Antitussive
Human drug - weak narcotic
not used lots in dogs because it is inconsistently absorbed
DO NOT use acetaminophen codeine combo

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18
Q

What is dextromethorphan?

A

human drug in many OTC human cough syrups - often in combo with other drugs. DO NOT recommend to owners (antitussive)

19
Q

What are the 2 uses for acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)?

A
  • nebulization
  • antidote for acetaminophen

(Mucolytic)

20
Q

What are the effects of dembrexine?

A
  • antitussive
  • increases concentration of abx in lung secretions

(Mucolytic)

21
Q

What are some expectorant drugs?

A

Guaifenesin (GGE)
> oral to increase watery secretions
Volatile Oils
> Eucalyptus
> Menthol
> Camphor

22
Q

Why shouldn’t you use an antitussive and an expectorant together?

A

Expectorants increase liquid secretions of the resp tract and antitussives suppressing coughing up = fluid buildup in lungs

23
Q

How do decongestants work?

A

reduce congestion of swollen nasal tissue by constricting blood vessels of skin and MM - reduces fluid leaking from blood vessels = decreasing edema
can also increase HR

24
Q

What are some decongestant drugs?

A

Pseudoephedrine
Ephedrine
Phenylephrine

25
Q

When does bronchoconstriction occur?

A

when there is:
> stimulation of the PSNS
> Release of histamine from mast cells

Counteract by using bronchodilators

26
Q

What is terbutaline?

A

“Brethine”, “Bricanyl”
Bronchodilator
- Sometimes used in acute episodes of bronchoconstriction in cats, use with caution if heart disease (tachycardia)
- Oral & inhaler (MDI - Metered Dose Inhalers)

27
Q

What is albuterol?

A

“Ventolin”
Bronchodilator
- Nebulization
- dogs, cats, and horses
- less effect on heart

28
Q

What is clenbuterol?

A

“Ventipulmin”
Bronchodilator
- labeled for horses with heaves
- much less effect on heart

29
Q

What do methylxanthines do?

A

Bronchodilator - promote smooth muscle relaxation in bronchi

Includes:
- theophylline (aminophylline)
- caffeine and theobromine

30
Q

What is the relationship between aminophylline & theophylline?

A

aminophylline is broken down to theophylline, theophylline mostly used now cause it has longer TI

31
Q

What are the side effects of methylxanthines?

A
  1. ^ HR and contraction
  2. Arrhythmias
  3. Diuresis
  4. CNS stim - tremors, excitement
  5. GIT upset

LOW TI & COUNTERACT WIDE VARIETY OF DRUGS

32
Q

What are antimicrobials for?

A

necessary to treat infectious resp diseases

33
Q

What are the effects of corticosteroids on the resp system?

A
  • stabilize mast cells preventing the release of histamine
  • stabilize integrity of capillaries for fluid cannot move into the lung tissue and airways
34
Q

What are corticosteroids used to treat?

A

Feline asthma
Equine RAO

35
Q

What is methylprednisolone?

A

“DepoMedrol” “Vetacortyl”
- LA, injection every 3-6 wks
- dogs, cats and horses IM (asthma, RAO)

36
Q

What is prednisolone sodium succinate used for?

A

faster acting for acute allergies and asthma in dogs, cats and horses

37
Q

What is oral prednisone used for?

A

can be used as long term therapy in dogs, cats, and horses with asthma and heaves

38
Q

What are the effects of histamine release on the respiratory system?

A

causes contractions of smooth muscle - bronchoconstriction
increases capillary permeability - increases fluid/cells

39
Q

What are 4 conditions we use antihistamines to treat?

A

Pyrilamine is the drug (+ ephedrine) “Antihistamine”

  • acute allergic reactions in all species
  • heaves in horses
  • acute asthma in cats
  • AIP in cattle
40
Q

What do diuretics do?

A

remove fluid from lungs, decrease reabsorption of water by kidneys

41
Q

When are diuretics used?

A

respiratory disease with pulmonary edema

42
Q

What is a respiratory analeptic?

A

respiratory stimulant - works on medulla respiratory centre

43
Q

What is a respiratory analeptic drug and when is it commonly used?

A

Doxapram - “respiram”

used to stimulate breathing in neonates
may also stimulate other parts of the brain (excitement, aggression, seizures)

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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