Drug formulations & routes of administration Flashcards
What do binders do in a drug formulation?
hold tablet together - cellulose, lactose, sorbitol
What do emulsifiers do in a drug formulation?
allow fat and water soluble to mix - lecithin
What do preservatives do in a drug formulation?
extend shelf life, change pH - citric acid, benzoates, methylparaben
What are the 2 options of dry formulations?
enteric coated - protection from acid environment of stomach
sustained release - slowly dissolve during GIT transit so have an effect for a long time
What is a solution?
drug dissolved in a liquid, does not settle out
What is a suspension?
drug suspended in a liquid, will settle out
How is the route of administration determined?
by the drug company based on; pH and chemical properties of the drug, particle size and formulation, how irritating to tissue
What are the different routes of administration?
oral = PO = per os
parenteral = injectable (IV, IM, SQ, IP)
topical = on the surface
What should you consider when choosing a route of administration?
- what route approved for
- speed of absorption required
- meat producing?
- temperament of animal
- convenience/ experience of administrator
- number of tx to be given
- local or systemic affect?
What are local oral medications?
stay in the gut and not absorbed systemically
What are the options for oral suspensions?
emulsions - suspended in fat or oil
syrups - suspended in sugar
elixers - suspended in sugar and alcohol
How can we administer parenteral medications?
IV, IM, SQ, IP (intra-peritoneal), IA (intra-arterial(accidental)), epidural, subconjunctival, intramedullary, IO, intra-cardiac
What are the options for parenteral formulations?
solutions, suspensions, emulsions
What are lipophilic drugs?
tend to be in a lipid carrier, diffuse more slowly to vessels so longer acting
Where should we inject young food producing animals?
Neck
How much volume can we inject SQ?
LA ~ 100cc per site
SA ~ 50cc per site
What is a disadvantage and advantage of SQ injections?
slower absorption than IV or IM
no damage to meat muscles when giving SQ
When would we give drugs Subconjunctivally?
Often used in cows for pink eye tx
When would we give drugs IO?
emergency resuscitation drugs or fluids when cannot get an IV access
What are the different options for topical formulations for skin?
creams - water based
ointments - oil based
lotions - moisturizing
tinctures - alcohol added
can also be suspensions or emulsions
What is an advantage of ophthalmic ointments over drops?
last 2-3 hrs longer
What are some other routes of administration?
IN, inhalation, intramammary, rectal, intra-articular
What are the 6 rights of administering medication?
DDRIPR
The right:
DRUG
DOSE
ROUTE
INTERVAL
PATIENT
RECORDING
What must be taken down when recording drug administration?
drug, dose, route, time, initials
