Biologicals

Question 1

What are biologicals?

Answer 1

Therapeutic substances derived from biological sources

Question 2

What is a killed vaccine?

Answer 2

made up of microorganisms or their parts that have been altered with chemicals, heat or radiation. Antigenic portion is unchanged so still activates immune response

Question 3

What are the properties/qualities of a killed vaccine?

Answer 3

very safe to use (won’t cause disease), stable to store, need to have a booster, most contain an adjuvant and/or preservatives that may cause reactions

Question 4

What is an adjuvant?

Answer 4

substance that will enhance the immune response - protect antigen from degradation (immune response prolonged), enhance cell mediated and humoral immunity, promote cytokine production, stimulate macrophage and lymphocyte production

Question 5

What can adjuvants cause?

Answer 5

local scar tissue and can be linked to sarcomas in cats

Question 6

What is bacterin?

Answer 6

vaccines that are made from inactivated or killed bacteria, immunity is usually short lived because of dead bacteria

Question 7

What is attenuation?

Answer 7

process that the microorganism goes through to lose or weaken their virulence for modified live vx

Question 8

What is modified live vaccine?

Answer 8

attenuated vx, stimulate a quicker and more effective humoral and cell mediated immunity, lasts longer

Question 9

What are some properties/qualities of MLV?

Answer 9

could potentially cause abortion in pregnant animals
does not produce disease
may contain preservative but usually not adjuvant

Question 10

What is a recombinant vaccine?

Answer 10

takes a gene or part of a pathogenic organism and inserts it into another microorganism, fewer side effects and effective immunity

Question 11

What is antitoxin/antiserum?

Answer 11

contains antibodies to a toxin or microorganism from the serum of hyper-immunized animal

Question 12

What does antitoxin/antiserum give us?

Answer 12

immediate protection (passive immunity), short lived protection (7-14 days)

Question 13

What are toxoids?

Answer 13

a vx that will stimulate an immune response to a toxin instead of a microorganism - shortest duration of effectiveness of all vx (tetanus toxoid vx)

Question 14

What is an autogenous vaccine?

Answer 14

vx made form organisms isolated from a single location or farm - used in cases of new virus discovery

Question 15

What does monovalent mean?

Answer 15

single antigen

Question 16

What does polyvalent mean?

Answer 16

mixed vx of various antigens