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Pharmacology > Antineoplastic and immunosuppressant drugs > Flashcards

Antineoplastic and immunosuppressant drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are some properties of chemotherapy drugs?

A
  • interfere with DNA of cells (may stop protein synthesis or cell division)
  • doses are based on body surface area in square meters, not weight
  • indiscriminately target rapid dividing cells, including GIT, bone marrow, hair follicles, reproductive organs
  • many are vesicants (cause blistering)
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2
Q

What are some side effects of chemotherapy drugs?

A
  • vomit, diarrhea, anorexia (affects CRTZ and gut lining)
  • myelosuppression
    • immune suppression - neutropenia
    • thrombocytopenia & anemia
  • hair loss (some breeds)
  • anaphylaxis/hypersensitivity
  • tissue necrosis
  • hemorrhagic cystitis
  • teratogenic, mutagenic, infertility
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3
Q

What are some emergency drugs to have ready when administering chemo drugs?

A

corticosteroids, epinephrine, antihistamines

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4
Q

What are the routes of administration for chemo drugs?

A

IV - most
PO - few
IM/SQ - rare (asparaginase)
intrathecal - into space where CSF sits to treat CNS cancer (brain/spinal column)
intratumoural - cisplatin, immunocidin

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5
Q

What are alkylating agents?

A

interfere with DNA replication - stops protein synthesis and cell division

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6
Q

What are some examples of alkylating agents?

A
  • cyclophosphamide - “cytoxan” (PO or IV)
  • chlorambucil - “leukeron” (PO)
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7
Q

What are anthracyclines?

A
  • binds to DNA and interferes with protein synthesis
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8
Q

What is an example of a anthracycline?

A
  • doxorubicin
    > may cause urine to change color to red/brown for a couple days
    > nephrotoxicity in cats
    > hypersensitivity during administration
    > cardiotoxicity
    > pretreat with antihistamines
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9
Q

What are antimetabolites?

A

interfere with DNA synthesis which blocks protein synthesis

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10
Q

What are some examples of antimetabolite drugs?

A
  • 5-fluorouracil (toxic in cats)
  • cytosine - “cytarabine”
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11
Q

What are antitubulins?

A

plant alkyloids that inhibit mitosis resulting in cell death - derived from periwinkle plant

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12
Q

What are some examples of antitubulin drugs?

A

vincristine & vinblastine

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13
Q

What are platinum drugs? Give some examples

A
  • act similar to alkylating drugs - interrupt replication of DNA in tumor cells

Cisplatin = nephrotoxic & fatal to cats (pulmonary edema/dyspnea & death)
Carboplatin

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14
Q

How does asparaginase work?

A

contains an enzyme extracted from E.coli bacteria which breaks down asparagine = an AA required by cancer cells = cancer cell death
> has no effect on normal cells**

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15
Q

What are the side effects of asparaginase?

A

immediate hypersensitivity & GIT disturbances

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16
Q

What are biological response modifiers?

A

enhance the hosts ability to mount an immune response to tumors

17
Q

How do BRM’s work?

A
  • monoclonal antibodies that have cytotoxic effects on tumor cells
  • interferons - produced by leukocytes, can have antitumor and antiviral effects
18
Q

What is immunocidin and what is it used for?

A

mycobacterial cell wall fraction immunostimulant
> used to treat K9 mammary tumors and equine sarcoids

19
Q

How is immunocidin administered?

A

intratumoural injection - has a systemic effect still

20
Q

Why are chemo drugs considered hazardous?

A
  • Low TI
  • high risk of extravascular damage
21
Q

What should personnel be aware of when administering chemo drugs?

A
  • not pregnant or wanting to be
  • training in handling and administration
  • educate yourself about EACH drug you are using (effects with accidental exposure and side effects to animal)
  • WEAR PPE
22
Q

What PPE should be worn when giving chemo drugs?

A

approved chemotherapy gloves, protective goggles, surgical mask (may need resp mask), closed front nonabsorbent gown with elastic cuffs

23
Q

What is the PhaSeal system?

A

closed system to draw up, transfer, and administer hazardous drugs

24
Q

How should chemotherapy waste products be handled?

A

use chemotherapy puncture proof waste containers > incinerated or sent to licensed land fill

25
Q

What are some important things when administering hazardous drugs?

A
  • separate area of clinic, low traffic
  • no eating or drinking
  • use PPE
  • necessary equipment available to clean up spill
  • most drugs given IV - place catheter on first try or use new vein
26
Q

What are the steps of administering a chemo drug?

A
  1. check catheter with saline
  2. place gauze pad under catheter *
  3. administer drug
  4. gauze over end of syringe to withdraw *
  5. flush w/ saline
27
Q

What should be done if the drug goes perivascularly?

A

dilute with saline or hyaluronidase if allowed - doxorubicin cannot be diluted > cause more damage

28
Q

What are some precautions during kennel care for chemo animals?

A
  • concern is disposal of waste (use proper waste bags) continues for up to 48hrs
  • do not aerosolize body waste by using sprays or power washers
  • wear PPE to clean kennel and do laundry
  • special bag to wash towels and reusable gowns
29
Q

How does azathioprine work?

A

inhibits B & T lymphocytes to cause immunosuppression - fewer side effects than cyclophosphamide

30
Q

What is azathioprine used for?

A

IMHA, prevent kidney rejection in transplants (DO NOT USE IN CATS)

31
Q

How does cyclosporine work?

A

prevents T cell proliferation

32
Q

What is cyclosporine used to treat?

A
  • immune mediated skin disorders “atopica”
  • KCS in dogs “optimmune”
  • Pannus in dogs
33
Q

What is metronidazole?

A

antibacterial, antiprotozoal, immunosuppresive

34
Q

What is metronidazole used for?

A
  • lymphocytic-plasmocytic enteritis
  • giardiasis
  • anaerobic bacterial infections
35
Q

What are some side effects of metronidazole?

A

GIT upset, neurological signs*, hepatotoxicity

36
Q

What is cyclophosphamide and when is it used?

A
  • antineoplastic and immunosuppressive
  • used in combination with other agents to treat some cancers (lymphoma), and autoimmune diseases involving the skin
37
Q

When are corticosteroids used?

A

used as an adjunct therapy > increase appetite/feeling of well being
lympholytic action so useful for lymphoid neoplasms

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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