Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Anti-inflammatories > Flashcards

Anti-inflammatories Flashcards

1
Q

What does the inflammatory pathway result in?

A
  1. endothelial cells affected so allow capillaries to be leaky and let out WBC’s and plasma
  2. WBC’s engulf foreign material
  3. fibroblasts activated to make fibrin for support and stability
  4. systemic response that resets internal thermostat higher to increase cell activity = fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the arachidonic acid pathway?

A

cell membranes contain phospholipids > tissue injury releases phospholipase > breaks down phospholipids to arachidonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are prostaglandins produced?

A

arachidonic acid > converted to prostaglandins > under the action of COX enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the role of prostaglandins?

A

chemicals found in all body tissues > some involved in causing pain and inflammation, other have beneficial effects like maintenance of normal GIT, renal and ophthalmic function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is COX-1 found?

A

Normally found in some body organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of COX-1?

A

PROTECTION = protecting gastric mucosa, regulating blood flow to kidneys, platelet function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the inhibition of COX-1 provide?

A

analgesic effects, but also adverse effects (gastric ulcers, hypoxic kidney damage, prolonged clotting times)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is COX-2 found?

A

produced in damaged or inflamed tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of COX-2?

A

helps produce not so good prostaglandins that are involved in causing pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What signals the release of cortisol?

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), CRF (corticotropin releasing factor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the classic signs of inflammation?

A

red/swollen/hot, pain, fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 broad categories of anti-inflammatories, and where do they affect in the inflammatory pathway?

A

Corticosteroids - phospholipase enzyme
NSAIDs - COX enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why should we taper steroids?

A

the endocrine system cannot tell the difference between natural or synthetic corticosteroids, the natural feedback loop still occurs, when stopped abruptly it takes the patient time to start making their own natural corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do we use glucocorticoids?

A
  1. immune suppression - IMHA
  2. anti-inflammatory - anaphylaxis, allergic skin conditions, conjunctivitis/uveitis/pannus
  3. gluconeogenic - increase BG by ^ catabolism of protein and fat - appetite stimulant
  4. initiation of parturition - induce labor or abortion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do corticosteroids have zero effect on?

A

NO analgesic effects, may help to decrease pain felt by decreasing inflammation but no direct effect on pain pathway or temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some side effects of corticosteroids?

A
  1. ulcers in gut (anti prostaglandin activity) - black tarry feces, melena, diarrhea, vomiting
  2. immunosuppression - slower wound healing
  3. change in number of circulating WBC’s - “stress leukogram”
  4. PU/PD/PP (^ eating)
  5. Iatrogenic Cushing’s - pot belly, thin coat, alopecia
  6. iatrogenic Addison’s - abrupt withdrawal from long term use
  7. iatrogenic diabetes
  8. unwanted abortions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some oral steroids?

A

prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone

chronic allergies, inflammation, arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some injectable steroids?

A

dexamethasone, methylprednisolone (depo-medrol), hydrocortisone sodium succinate (solu-cortef), betamethasone (celestone soluspan)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some topical steroids?

A

hydrocortisone acetate (hyderm, fucidin-h cream, pro otic hc), dexamethasone (maxidex)

decrease inflammation and pruritis, decrease scaring/proud flesh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are examples of steroids in combo with abx?

A

eye and ear drops - surolan, tobradex, viaderm, otomax

21
Q

What are examples of steroids in combo with antihistamines?

A

Vanectyl-P, temaril-P ; prednisolone and trimiprazine

22
Q

What are the 3 main effects of NSAIDs?

A

anti-inflammatories, analgesics and anti-pyretics (decrease fever)

23
Q

How do NSAID’s work?

A

inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins, do this by inactivating the COX enzyme

24
Q

What is the difference between NSAIDs?

A

inhibit COX-2 = decrease inflammation and pain (IDEAL)
inhibit COX-1 = more deleterious side effects on stomach and kidneys

25
Q

How do we select what NSAID to use?

A

it is desirable to use ones that have a greater inhibitory effect on COX-2 than COX-1 (meloxicam, carprofen, and deracoxib - selective for inhibiting COX-2) (firocoxib specifically inhibits COX-2)

26
Q

How are NSAIDs eliminated?

A

by metabolism within the liver, followed by renal or biliary elimination

27
Q

Why are some drugs toxic to cats and not dogs?

A

cats are deficient in glucuronyl transferase in the liver - last longer in cats and can build up to toxic levels

28
Q

What are some adverse effects of NSAIDs?

A
  1. stomach - increase gastric acid production and decreased mucous production = ^ risk of ulcers
  2. renal toxicity - inhibition of some prostaglandins and hypotension from dehydration, shock, or anesthesia can lead to significant decreased renal blood flow = renal hypoxia
  3. impaired platelet aggregation
  4. hepatocellular necrosis = “idiosyncratic hepatopathy”
29
Q

Who should not receive NSAIDs?

A

Animals who are/have:
1. dehydrated
2. liver or kidney disease
3. GI disease
4. on steroids or another NSAID
5. at risk of bleeding
6. on some diuretics

30
Q

What are salicylates?

A
  • non selective NSAID
  • used for mild arthritis in dogs, and to decrease platelet clumping
  • aspirin
31
Q

What are some possible side effects of salicylates?

A
  1. cats cannot metabolize aspirin very well
  2. highly ulcerogenic
  3. increases bleeding time
32
Q

What is phenylbutazone?

A
  • non selective COX inhibitor
  • used for MSK pain
  • stronger than aspirin
33
Q

What are some possible side effects of bute?

A
  1. highly ulcerogenic
  2. can cause bone marrow suppression - anemia
  3. can cause diarrhea
  4. take grate care to inject IV! (IM = tissue necrosis)
34
Q

What is flunixin meglumine?

A

(Banamine, Flunazine, Flunixin)
- non selective COX inhibitor
- injectable in horses and cattle
- TD for cattle
- stronger than bute
- has anti-endotoxic properties - used in toxic bacterial infections
- gut pain in horses (colic)

35
Q

What are some side effects of flunixin?

A

ulcers, nephrotoxicity

36
Q

What is ketoprofen?

A
  • same uses as banamine
  • not the same as ibuprofen
37
Q

What is carprofen and when/how do we use it?

A
  • selective COX-2 inhibitor
  • “Rimadyl”
  • only in dogs
  • no need to double dose first day
  • used mostly for MSK problems
38
Q

What is meloxicam and when/how do we use it?

A
  • selective COX-2 inhibitor
  • commonly used in SA - post sx, arthritis, pain/inflamm
  • loading dose first day
  • cats get half the dose as dogs (separate oral)
  • meloxicam oral for cattle - therapeutic pain relief for 56 hours
  • meloxicam injectable for cattle - duration of effect of 3 days
39
Q

What is the biggest benefit of the coxib group of NSAIDs?

A

HIGHLY selective for COX-2

40
Q

What is firocoxib and when do we use it?

A
  • “Previcox”
  • 385 times more selective for COX-2 than COX-1
  • no increase in bleeding or clotting time
  • no loading dose needs
  • can be given w/ or w/o food
  • can be given 2 hrs before sx
  • indicated for post op soft tissue pain and inflammation & chronic OA
41
Q

What is deracoxib and when do we use it?

A
  • “Deramaxx”
  • give with or without food
  • 2 hours prior to sx
  • does not increase bleeding or clotting times
  • dogs only
42
Q

What is robenacoxib and when do we use it?

A
  • “Onsior”
  • dogs and cats
  • flavored tabs or inj
  • given with or without food
43
Q

What is grapiprant and what are its properties?

A
  • “galliprant”
  • prostaglandin receptor antagonist, a non COX inhibiting NSAID
  • specifically blocks the EP4 receptor, the primary mediator of canine OA pain and inflamm
  • has no impact on GI, kidney, or liver
44
Q

What is DMSO and what are its properties?

A

“Dimethyl Sulfoxide”
- very lipophilic - absorbs quickly through skin and carries other drugs with it
- Topical only

45
Q

What are the cautions with DMSO?

A

skin irritation, headache, birth defects, cataracts with chronic use

46
Q

What is DMSO used for?

A
  • leg sweats in horses
  • some dog ear meds
47
Q

What is hyoscine butylbromide and what is it used for?

A
  • “Buscopan”
  • relaxes the gut, used in gas colics in horses
48
Q

What is methocarbamol and what is it used for?

A
  • “Robax”
  • muscle relaxant
  • dogs, cats, horses
  • IVDD, muscle spasms, tying up in horses
49
Q

What are some adverse effects of methocarbamol?

A

sedation, weakness, ataxia

Pharmacology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions