Respiratory Disorders Flashcards
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nasal Passages
Paranasal sinus
Respiratory muscosa–cells secrete mucous and have cilla
Sneeze or cough stimulated by excessive mucus or particles
Nasopharynx to larynx to trachea
Upper respiratory tract has a resident group of Flora
Lungs are sterile
Pharynx common to food and air–just before separation of trachea and esophagus (epiglottis closes opening to larynx)
URT Respiratory mucosa–cells secrete____ and have _____
Mucous, Cilla
URT what is a sneeze or cough stimulated by?
excessive mucus or particles
URT Nasopharynx to
larynx to trachea
URT has a resident group of
Flora
Lungs are
sterile
Pharynx common to
food and air
Just before separation of trachea and esophagus
epiglottis closes opening to larynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
Air from the trachea proceeds to the right and left BRONCHUS
The BRONCHUS branches into smaller BRONCHII
These BRONCHII branch into BRONCHIOLES
Bronchioles have smooth muscle to contract or relax to control size of opening
Air from the trachea proceeds to
right and left bronchus
The bronchus branch into
smaller bronchii
The bronchii branch into
bronchioles
Bronchioles have smooth muscle to
contract or relax to control size of opening
Bronchodilation occurs when
SNS stimulation relaxes the smooth muscle
Air into
ALVEOLI (air sacs)–gas DIFFUSION occurs
Alveoli has
thin walls lined with capillaries
Right lung has_____ lobes
3
Left lung has _____lobes
2
Each lung covered with
PLEURAL membrane
Visceral pleura attached to
lung
Parietal pleura attached to
inside of thoracic cavity
Ventilation
Air pressure from high to low pressure
Thoracic cavity increased in length (superior/inferior-piston) by diaphargm
Thoracic cavity increased by external intercostals (Bucket Handle) in lateral direction
Thoracic cavity increased by external intercostals (pump in anterior-posterior direction
Therefore larger space inside, less pressure, and air ruches into lungs
Diaphragm and external intercostals relax
Along with natural elastic recoil allowing thorax to DECREASE in size.
Pressure then increases inside and air is forced out.
Forced inspiration or expiration requires more muscle energy
Air pressure from ____ pressure to _____ pressure
High, low
Thoracic cavity incresed in length (superior/inferior _____) by _____
Piston, Diaphragm
Thoracic cavity increased by External Intercostals in lateral direction
Bucket handle
Thoracic cavity increased by External intercostals in ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR direction (larger space inside-less pressure and air rushes into lungs)
Pump
Terminology
General
Expectorant
Sputum
Hemoptysis
Expectorant
medication/humidifier to assist removal of secretions
Sputum
mucoid discharge from respiratory tract
hemoptysis
blood tinged frothy sputum
Breath sounds
Crackling (rales)
Wheezing (rhonchi)
Crackling (rales)
light bubbly when air is opening closed spaces
Wheezing (rhonchi)
High pitched during EXHALATION in LRT
Breathing patterns
Eupnea Stridor Dyspnea Orthopnea Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Eupnea
normal 10-18 bpm
Stridor
wheezing like noise during inhalation in URT
Dyspnea
subjective discomfort
Orthopnea
lying down SOB
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Acute waking up coughing/gasping
Cyanosis
Bluish color
clubbing
firm fibrotic enlargement of finger tips
acid-base imbalance (acidosis)
from increased CO2 (decreased expiration)
alkylosis
from increased O2
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
Pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia (Pathology)
fluid builds up in specific lobe (Congestion) Interferes with diffusion of gases.
May (consolidate) due to accumulation of fibrin, RBCs, neutriphils etc.
Bronchopneumonia (Pathology)
prulent exudate builds up in diffuse pattern in (B) lungs from prior secretions
Atypical pneumonia (Pathology)
forms (inflammation) diffuse and interstitial, no great amount of exudate
Lobar pneumonia (ET)
streptococcus pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia (ET)
many different bacteria
Atypical pneumonia (ET)
influenza virus or mycoplasma
Risk factors
aspiration
lung inflammation
pooling of fluids and decreased cilia action (poor coughing etc)
immobilization (lying supine for long periods of time)
(CF) Lobar pneumonia
- pleura inflammed,
- sudden/actute onset with fever/chills
- Rales/no breath sounds
- Productiive cough (rusty color
(CF) Bronchopneumonia
- Mild fever, insidious onset
- productive cough, yellow-green
- Dyspnea
(CF) Atypical pneumonia
- Fever, HA
- Aching muscles
- Non-productve cough
(MT) Lobar pneumonia
antibiotics: penicillin
(MT) Bronchopneumonia
antibiotics: check sputum culture
(MT) Atypical pneumonia
self limiting usually
COPD Emphysema
Tissue degeneration and obstruction; debilitating; irreversible, progressive; cor pulmonale (R CHF) from vasoconstriction of pulmonary blood vessels
Pathophysiology COPD
- Destruction of alveolar walls
- Inflated alveolar air spaces
- Lung tissue lost as blebs develop
- Decreased capillaries available
- Decreased elasticity of lungs
- Fibrosis and thickening of bronchial walls from frequent infections and irritations
- Difficulty with expiration due to trapped air
